The Little Mermaid Comparison - 1476 Words

There are a lot of people out in the world who are huge fans of Walt Disney. Disney is well known for their fairytales and their happily ever after endings, but do we know where these stories come from? Take â€Å"The Little Mermaid† for example. Everyone knows â€Å"The Little Mermaid† is about a mermaid who loses her voice in exchange for legs, so that she could be with the prince and in the end, they get married and live happily ever after. That’s Disney’s version of the story, but what about the original version? The original story was written by Hans Christian Anderson in 1836, and it is far from happily ever after. Anderson’s story is darker and much more gruesome than Disney’s version. There are some similarities and differences between the†¦show more content†¦Later, the little mermaid learns from her grandmother, the only way to gain a soul is to find a man and have him fall in love with her, so much that he would choose her over his parents, and marry him which would allow her to gain a soul. But this was impossible considering she has a tail and a man would not understand and would not find attractive (â€Å"The Little Mermaid†). The little mermaid was saddened by this and had wished she could be human, so she could be with the prince. Later, the little mermaid went to the sea witch, and was told she can get legs, but there were consequences. The sea witch warned the little mermaid that this was a foolish idea, but it was possible. She told the little mermaid that she would make a drought for her and when she goes above water, she must sit on a rock and drink the drought, thus eventually shrink her tail and give her legs. The sea witch told the little mermaid that when she gets her legs, it will feel like as if she were treading on sharp knives every step she took. The other consequence was the little mermaid had to give up her voice, which was done by having the witch cut her tongue off. The witch also warned the little mermaid that if the prince marries another woman, her heart will break, and she will die and turn into the foam that floats on the surface of the water (â€Å"The Little Mermaid†). The little mermaid agreed to all of this and allowed her tongue to be cut off andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of â€Å"The Little Mermaid† By Hans Christian Andersen.1361 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"The Little Mermaid† by Hans Christian Andersen â€Å"The Little Mermaid† by Hans Christian Andersen is one of the worlds most cherished fairy tales. Through the years, this story has inspired its fair share of different adaptations and spinoffs, as well as intertwined itself in popular culture. Although it is widely considered a children’s story today, upon close examination, we can find various elements of literary devices and themes, all of which provide the seasoned reader with a deepRead MoreThe Little Mermaid Analysis1075 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the recurrent motifs in Doctor Faustus is the link between Thomas Mann’s artist and Andersen’s The Little Mermaid. In the mermaid’s quest, one could see Adrian’s own desire to wed aesthetics to ethics so that his art would serve humanity; according to the Devil, Adrian’s art would assure that â€Å"[mankind] will no longer need to be mad† (Mann 1). So too, in the mermaid’s reception of the hostile human world, the ar tist could also find his basic dilemma. Her yearning symbolizes his own, but herRead MoreWatching And Waiting Short Story Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesliterature such as the short story, â€Å"Watching and Waiting†. Examples such as The Little Mermaid, Monsters Inc, Lilo and Stitch contain the messages of not taking things for granted, jumping to conclusions, and family is not defined by blood, but by love. Life is a wonderful gift, which should never be taken for granted. This is not the case for the short story, â€Å"Watching and Waiting†, and famous Disney film â€Å"The Little Mermaid†, as they both take items in their lives for granted. In â€Å"Watching and Waiting†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Little Mermaid 1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Little Mermaid is a perfect depiction of the typical teenage heroine who is striving to find happiness in her own life, but is restricted by the wicked femme fatale who attempts to destroy all that is good, and sabotage the heroine’s happy ending. Our teenage heroine in this case would be Ariel, the 16-year-old daughter of Triton, the king of the ocean. While Ariel comes from royalty and is praised for her beauty, youth, and innocence, her bright and independent self undergoes a physical transformationRead MoreFemme Fatale : An Overview1362 Words   |  6 Pages Femme fatale. Every culture has a mystical femme fatale th at is known for being beautiful, enticing and deadly. A female being that has the ability to entice a man with the intent to destroy his very being. The Mermaids, Nymphs, Undines and Sirens, these beautiful and deadly creatures are known all over the world. The alluring charms of these creatures are legendary and have been known globally for centuries. The femme fatale is known for being able to charm and lure wayward men for safety intoRead MoreThe Myth Of The Devil1571 Words   |  7 Pageshero’s journey by offering gifts, lust, affection, fame and possession in order to obtain their soul. The Devil Figure archetype is shown in Heather O’Neil’s Lullabies for Little Criminals, Roald Dahl’s The Man from the South, Disney’s The Little Mermaid and John William Waterhouse’s The Siren. Heather O’Neil’s Lullabies for Little Criminals an intriguing novel, starring young Baby who is torn from her innocence and thrown into the adult world. Baby’s jovial, innocent character captures the attentionRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Stone Trees and Pangs Of Love656 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of Stone Trees and Pangs Of Love Jane Gardam makes use of an array of writing techniques and narrators when she writes her short stories. She displays to the reader, an impression of the unexpected, throughout her preference of language that gives reality to her characters. One of the ways in which Jane Gardam delves into the remarkable characteristics of every day people is the use of narrative voice, in first or third person. I am now going to scrutinizeRead MoreThe Mermaid And Disney s The Little Mermaid2132 Words   |  9 Pages Michele M. Burns Professor Cipri Imaginative Literature 30 April 2013 Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid† vs. Disney’s The Little Mermaid: The Struggle to Find Sexuality Walt Disney’s movies have been thrilling young children, most especially young girls, around the world for years. One specific movie, The Little Mermaid, had young girls wanting to be just like Ariel and buying any paraphernalia they could after the movie came out. But have you ever wondered where these stories have come from? Or whyRead MoreComparing Disney s Versions Of Princess Centric Tales And Their Popular Counterparts2554 Words   |  11 PagesDisney franchise, grossing over $5 billion worldwide (Sheridan, 2014). This report aims to identify the similarities and differences between Disney s versions of princess-centric tales and their popular counterparts through critical analysis and comparison of their content, tone and style. Approximately one century before Walt Disney began his animation career, the Brothers Grimm (Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm) started their popular legacy through re-writing old folk tales, which they thought would caterRead MoreNot Much Change With Kid Movies1234 Words   |  5 PagesNot Much Change with Kid Movies I grew up watching all the Disney, Pixar, and DreamWorks animated films from Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, Toy Story, Monsters Inc., and Shrek. In high school, a peer of mine named Paul Ray asked me, â€Å"Who is your favorite princess?† My response was Mulan and was not shocked, instead he gave me this sarcastic laugh and â€Å"I knew it and it’s so obvious that you are a feminist.† Of course, I loved watching all the Disney princesses and I still do watch them to this day

The Life Of Childrens Life - 1323 Words

â€Å"Mom, I can’t believe you’re eating cookies! We’re going to eat dinner in half an hour!† my mother exclaimed as she walked into the kitchen to find my nana, her mother, snacking before dinner. This was a common scenario at my house. â€Å"Worse than a child,† my mother burst out into laughter, and then continued to stir the pot of pasta cooking on the stove top. My nana was an exceptionally healthy woman for her entire life. The only remotely unhealthy thing about her (if you want to even call it that), is that she lived for dessert. She was the biggest sweet tooth I know, and every day my mom would argue that she can’t eat chocolate cake, snickerdoodle cookies, or fudge brownie ice cream for dinner. Once, when I was about nine years old, we†¦show more content†¦A broken hip and CHF do not bode well together. Since her heart wasn’t strong enough to pump blood to and from her body, recovery from the fall was out of the question. This was the point that I realized that she was dying. Three months after she was diagnosed, my nana, who I loved dearly, was gone. It’s shocking to me how one moment everything can be fine, and suddenly, it isn’t. Two months after my nana passed, my childhood best friend, Francesca, passed away from leukemia at fifteen years old. That was hands down the hardest thing I have ever gone through. Francesca was diagnosed with stage three leukemia the year before and made it through all five rounds of chemotherapy with no problems. The doctors told her to that the medication would slow her down and make her sick, and that she should try not to stay in bed all day, if she felt alright to do so. She told me they were crazy. There was a huge blizzard during her fourth round of chemo. I remember Francesca texting me repeatedly saying how bad she wanted to go sledding. I picked her up, and we spent an hour crafting up sleds from anything we could find around her house: lids from garbage pails and plastic storage bins, a yoga mat, and even a boogie board. We went on a mission to find the largest hill around. C limbing up the hill was a clear struggle for her. We slid down the hill in our makeshift sleds, and when we got to the bottom,Show MoreRelated The Life of Billy Pilgrim in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens Crusade2042 Words   |  9 PagesThe Life of Billy Pilgrim in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens Crusade      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marked by two world wars and the anxiety that accompanies humanitys knowledge of the ability to destroy itself, the Twentieth Century has produced literature that attempts to depict the plight of the modern man living in a modern waste land. If this sounds dismal and bleak, it is. And that is precisely why the dark humor of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. shines through our post-modern age. The devastatingRead MoreClass Dismissed By Meredith Maran1029 Words   |  5 PagesMaran discusses that students’ parents should spend more time on getting involved in their children’s education. At first, the author states that if students want to be successful, their parents and schools should play important roles. However, there is a big trouble that parents have different opinion over getting involved in children’s education. Some parents are willing to get involved in their children’s education because they have enough time and sources to do so and th ey actually get rewardRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Technology744 Words   |  3 PagesChildren are growing up with all this technology interfering with the childrens childhood and health. Parents should limit screen time for their children two hours a day. Technology is over powering our world today. Parents shouldnt introduce technology to their childrens life quite yet wait until the children are at least three or four years of age. The use of digital device during a young age can interfere with the childs health. If the children are exposed to digital devices when they areRead MoreThe Historical Perspectives and Trends of Childrens Literature1594 Words   |  7 Pages Since the 18th century children’s literature has been held responsible for bringing entertainment to children of all ages across the world. But, when you actually think about it, what is children’s literature? The term seems easy enough to define, it is literature intended for children, but what is the definition of literature? According to Charlotte Huck (2010), literature is an imaginative shaping of life and thought into the forms and structures of language. This, in my opinion, is an excellentRead MoreChildren s Books : An Essential Part Of A Child s Life1105 Words   |  5 Pages Children’s books are an essential part of a child’s life because they enhance the development of language and critical thinking skills. This provides a solid foundation of learning for adolescents that will stick with them forever. Books have the power to alter a child’s life and influence their thoughts and decisions as they grow. It affects a child’s perspective on society and how they fit into it (Hunt, 1998). Literature has significantly changed over time because it tends to reflect theRead MoreClass Dismissed By Meredith Maran1027 Words   |  5 Pagesdevote more time and effort are those who believe that schools and education will improve their chil dren’s chances of success. Most of them benefited from education when they were students. In contrast, parents who do not believe schools and education put less effort into their children’s educations. In addition, the author points out that social background determines how much parents devote to their children’s educations. The inequalities of society determines the unequal help that students get fromRead MoreLiterature for Children in the 19th Century909 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature for children in the 19th century Since the view of childhood changes in the nineteenth century, the potential of children’s literature becomes evident. With the reference to the sources of children’s literature, they can be traced back to alterations in translation and in the literature for adults, where a child or childhood are essential concepts; moreover folk literature is concerned to be a wide source for this literary genre. According to Peter Hunt Children before theRead MoreArt and Music Lessons Positive Effects on Children1158 Words   |  5 PagesMany people in the world think that life would be nonsense without music. Music helps people in several ways and gives a meaning to their lives. For example, music can help someone to make money, relax, spend time, work or study. Furthermore, it mostly helps children to concentrate more. The times that they study while listen to music, helps their brain power to increase over time. The main problem is, most schools are trying to decrease their music classes since their principals think that musicRead MoreThe Importance Of Parental Spanking Of Children1540 Words   |  7 Pageschildren because the parental spanking of children can be harmful to the behavioral and social development of their children. Parental spanking of children is a violent disciplinary technique where a parent hits childrens behinds with an open hand or object in order to deter childrens behavior in a wa y the parents may perceive as negative. I grew up in a home where my parents spanked me and my three younger brothers. I have witnessed parental spanking of children practiced first hand. I have foundRead MoreAdolescence Cognitive Development Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pageswritten by L.E. Berk in 2010 that explores lifespan development. The other article was written by the staff and research team at Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital at Stanford in 2012 that addresses what cognitive development is and the progress of adolescence cognitive development. Cognitive development begins from the moment of birth and continues throughout life. However, this student finds the cognitive abilities are more complex during the adolescent years. Therefore, the issue this paper will address

Proposal On Sustainable Energy For Future -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Proposal On Sustainable Energy For Future? Answer: Introducation Sustainable energy is the type of energy which can be used by many generations without any fear of depletion. Therefore, the present generations can consume the energy without any fear of depletion of the energy which could affect the future generations. Apart from sustainability, this energy is known to be environmentally friendly. We have many forms of sustainable energy. The major forms of sustainable energy are solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wave and tidal energy, wind energy, and bioenergy (Ellabban, Abu-Rub, and Blaabjerg, 2014, pp.748-764). The use of sustainable energy has become very popular in the modern world due to the many benefits which result from sustainable energy. The history of sustainable energy can be traced back to the 18th century. During the 1860s and 1870s, most countries in Europe were undergoing massive industrial revolution processes and used huge amounts of coal. The competition of coal, which was being used as the main source of energy, went very high and these countries started fearing that coal could be depleted. The scientists and engineers were still carrying research of another source of energy which could replace the depleting coal. They realized solar energy could replace the depleting coal and would be better since it wont deplete as it would rely on the energy from the sun. As the scientists and engineers in Europe continued to do more research on solar energy, the United States was not left behind but also kept researching on a better source of energy which could replace the fossil fuels. The researchers in the United States also realized solar energy could be the best replacement of the depleting coal. John Ericsson, who was a naval engineer in the United States invented the first solar machines in the 1870s. He tested the machines in his townhouse at Manhattan (Kovarik, 2011). After the discovery of the first solar machines, the government of the United States embraced the use of solar energy as an alternative and a better source of energy. Europe also embraced the use of solar energy which helped to end the fear of the depleting coal. After the discovery of solar energy, the researchers kept on researching on other sources which could provide more sustainable energy. Many countries were establishing more industries, and coal solar energy was not enough to meet all the energy demands. Scientists and engineers worked together to discover more sources of sustainable energy which could help to meet the increasing demands of energy. Other sources of sustainable energy which have been discovered include the wind, water, tides, waves, and geothermal wells. The demands of energy keep on increasing, and the available sources cant meet the energy demands. Therefore, more research is still being done to discover more sources of sustainable energy. Definition of the problem Our research addresses the use of sustainable energy in the world. The main question of our research is to determine whether the development and the use of sustainable energy in the world will have doubled by 2030. To get a solution of our research question, we shall analyze the use of sustainable energy in 15 randomly selected countries from 1990 to 2012. The trend of the data of the use of sustainable energy in these countries will help us to understand the general trend of the use of renewable energy in the whole world. A detailed analysis of this data will help us to get the solutions of our research questions. Problem Justification The use of sustainable energy has become very popular in most countries in the world. It is good to do detailed research on the use of sustainable energy and the modern developments which have been made in the sector of sustainable energy. This research helps us to understand sustainable energy better and appreciate and encourage the use of sustainable energy in our premises. Energy is usually a major consideration in many engineering professions. Engineers and scientists have been working hard to discover better sources of energy which will help to improve the lives of people. Understanding the trends of use of sustainable energy in the world is very helpful to engineers and scientist as it helps them in their research and efforts to improve the energy. The prediction of the expected usage of sustainable energy by 2030 is very important for the engineers as it will help them to plan on how the expected energy demands will be met. The aims and objectives of the research The use of sustainable energy has been increasing at a very high rate in the last few years. Most countries have realized the many benefits associated with the use of sustainable energy and have embraced the use of this energy. This has resulted in the increasing rates of the use of sustainable energy in the world. In this research, we shall analyze the increase in the use of sustainable energy in details and predict how the increase is likely to progress in the future. This analysis will help us to predict whether the use of sustainable energy in the world will double by 2030. The main aims and objectives of our research are: To collect the data of use of sustainable energy in 15 randomly selected countries from 1990 to 2012 and determine the trends of the data. To analyze the data of the use of sustainable energy to help us to predict whether the use of sustainable energy in the world will have doubled by 2030. The research questions Will the use of sustainable energy in the world double by 2030? This is the primary question of our research, and to get the solution to this question, we shall analyze the data of the use of sustainable energy in fifteen randomly selected countries from 1990 to 2012. The changes in the amounts of sustainable energy used in that period will help us to get a reasonable answer to our research question. What is the current trend in the use of sustainable energy in the world? This question addresses the trend of the use of sustainable in the whole world. To answer this question accordingly, we shall analyze the data of the fifteen countries and observe the general trends in the use of sustainable energy in these countries. We shall also plot some line graphs showing the trends of the use of sustainable energy in some countries for a better visualization of the trends. The trends of these countries represent the general trend of the whole world. Most countries have embraced the use of sustainable energy since it has many advantages to the users. Some of the major advantages of sustainable energy include the following: Sustainable energy can never be depleted. Unlike the other energy, sustainable energy comes from some natural sources such as the sun, the wind, and water which will remain to exist forever. This gives an assurance of the existence of sustainable energy without any fear of depletion (Krumdieck and Kreith, 2013). Sustainable energy is environmentally friendly and has little or no pollution effects to the environment. Unlike other energy sources like coal and petroleum which are associated with the release of toxic fumes and other harmful substances which pollute the environment, sustainable energy is eco-friendly and comes from natural resources which do not pollute the environment (Akorede, Hizam, and Pouresmaeil, 2010, pp. 724-734). Sustainable energy is cheaper as compared to the other energy. A comparison of the prices of sustainable energy and the other energies gives a big price difference. Sustainable energy is cheaper as compared to the other energies which come from some other exhaustible resources such petroleum. Sustainable energy has also helped to diversify the energy supply. Before the introduction of sustainable energy, people used to over-rely on coal as the main source of energy. However, the many types of sustainable energy which have been invented have helped to diversify the field of energy. Sustainable energy has many other advantages to the users. However, it also comes with some limitations to the users. The major limitation of sustainable energy is unreliability. Sustainable energy comes from natural resources such as the sun, the wind, and water which are very unreliable and unpredictable. This has resulted in a great variation of the amount energy which is harnessed from these resources. Another limitation associated with sustainable energy is the quantity of energy harnessed. Natural resources such as water, sun, and the wind produce relatively lower amount of energy as compared to the other equivalent sources such as coal. Generally speaking, the use of sustainable energy should be adopted by many countries since sustainable energy has many advantages which overweigh the limitations. It is also good to note that sustainable energy cant be depleted like the other energies, and therefore, most countries should adopt the use of sustainable energy for the sake of the future generations (Lior, 2010). Use of sustainable energy in the world Research which has been carried by many international research bodies have shown there has been a rapid increase in the use of sustainable energy in the whole world. Statistical results which were released by Eurostat in June 2017 indicates there is a great rise in the use of sustainable energy in Europe. These statistics revealed there had been an increase of 71.0% in the use of sustainable energy from 2005 to 2015. This increase means we have an average increase of about 5.5% annually. According to Eurostat, the main sources of renewable energy which was in use in Europe were the renewable wastes and solid biofuels which accounted for 63.5% of the total sustainable energy produced. Hydropower was the second source which contributed to 14.3% while wind energy was the third contributing about 12.7% of the renewable energy produced. The other sources remained low, but there has been a rapid expansion in producing energy from all the sources as the energy demands keep on rising. In Australia, the main sources of energy are coal and fuels. However, in the last few decades, there has been a great rise in the use of sustainable energy. Research which was done in 2008 showed the total energy consumption in the residential sector in 1990 was 299 petajoules (PJ). The energy consumption has kept on rising in the residential and in 2008, the energy consumption in the residential sector had risen to 402 PJ. The research is predicted the energy consumption in the residential sector will have risen to 467 PJ by 2020 which will mean an increase of about 56% from 1990 to 2020 (Australian Government, 2008). The increase in energy consumption has not only increased in the residential sector but also in all the other sectors. To meet the increasing demands of energy, Australia has decided to increase the use of sustainable energy which will be used without compromising on the energy demands of the future generations. Europe and Australia have been used to represent the current trends in the use of renewable energy in the whole world. We can generalize our argument by saying that the use of sustainable energy continues to rise and most countries in the whole world have embraced the use of sustainable energy. The great biggest challenge is left to the engineers and the scientists to do detailed research on how to come up with more sources of sustainable energy which will meet the increasing energy demands. They should also look for ways to improve the existing sources of sustainable energy to make them more friendly to the users. Data collection and analysis To get the solution to our research questions, we carried an extensive research on the use of sustainable energy in 15 different randomly selected countries from 1990 to 2012. We collected the data of the use these countries from the data catalog of the World Bank. The data of consumption of sustainable energy in these countries for that period will help us to understand the current trend of the use of sustainable energy which will help us to predict the use of energy in the whole world by 2030. The data of the total sustainable energy used in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 in the fifteen randomly selected countries is shown below (The totals have been obtained after doing some calculations using the statistical data of sustainable energy use in these countries as given by the World Bank data catalog the analysis of the data is done on the excel data sheet). S/N Year/ Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 1 Argentina 3.51019E+11 4.82113E+11 5.47509E+11 6.04298E+11 7.96208E+11 8.72501E+11 2 Australia 4.87155E+11 5.48548E+11 6.75106E+11 7.92047E+11 9.10545E+11 9.64587E+11 3 Bahrain 17555980454 24378255857 30113207976 38727330661 50753392800 53580817321 4 Belgium 3.02335E+11 3.27194E+11 3.76644E+11 4.07671E+11 4.32555E+11 4.3951E+11 5 Brazil 1.49603E+12 1.74007E+12 1.92217E+12 2.20511E+12 2.74144E+12 2.84541E+12 6 China 1.76419E+12 2.94454E+12 4.55745E+12 7.2587E+12 1.23479E+13 1.45291E+13 7 Cyprus 13284457712 16565397152 19976959513 23420972661 26465119289 25933262784 8 Ethiopia 30780011208 32345296356 40388066937 55170470103 92459824264 1.11764E+11 9 France 1.71083E+12 1.81809E+12 2.07874E+12 2.25102E+12 2.32254E+12 2.36994E+12 10 Germany 2.43354E+12 2.68876E+12 2.94846E+12 3.03746E+12 3.244E+12 3.37522E+12 11 Japan 3.6505E+12 3.91678E+12 4.08352E+12 4.33354E+12 4.40615E+12 4.44966E+12 12 Mexico 1.0742E+12 1.19156E+12 1.52735E+12 1.65672E+12 1.82256E+12 1.97181E+12 13 South Africa 3.49713E+11 3.65055E+11 4.18849E+11 5.05499E+11 5.92991E+11 6.29489E+11 14 United States 9.23167E+12 1.0489E+13 1.29673E+13 1.46911E+13 1.52523E+13 1.59657E+13 15 United Kingdom 1.36962E+12 1.53998E+12 1.85036E+12 2.14146E+12 2.17713E+12 2.20757E+12 We have given the total sustainable energy used in fifteen different countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2010. The values of the amounts of sustainable energy used in these fifteen randomly selected countries will help us to get an acceptable estimate of the changes in the use of sustainable energy in the whole world, and this will help us to predict how sustainable energy will continue to be used in the future. This will further help us to answer our main research question of whether the use of sustainable energy will double by 2030. For a better understanding of the trend of energy use in different countries, we are going to plot line graphs showing how the use of sustainable energy has been changing in different countries from 1990 to 2012. We shall use six randomly selected countries to plot our line graphs. The trends of the sustainable energy use in these countries can be used to predict the trends of the use of sustainable energy in the whole world. The findings from secondary information analysis From the table of the data of use of sustainable energy in various countries selected, we can make the following observations and deductions: The use of sustainable energy in all the countries have been increasing steadily from 1990 to 2012. The amount of sustainable energy which was used in 2010 is almost double of the amount of energy which was used in 1990 in most countries. The countries which have been using the highest amounts of sustainable energy are China and the United States. Other major users of sustainable energy are Japan, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. The use of sustainable energy is expected to keep on rising with time unless we have some abnormal conditions which can interfere with the use of sustainable energy. The observations and deductions made from the table are presented in the line graphs drawn above for a better visualization of the trends. As we can see from the trends of the line graphs of the five selected countries, the use of sustainable energy has been going up every year and is expected to keep on increasing as time progresses unless we have some abnormal occurrences. Discussion of the findings From our analysis, we have seen the use of sustainable energy has been rising annually. The demands for energy have kept on increasing in different countries due to various factors. Among the major reasons why the demands for energy have been going high in different countries include the following: Industrial revolution. Many countries have been undergoing an industrial revolution and have developed many industries which consume high amounts of energy (Sadorsky, 2014, pp. 392409). This has urged the countries to go for sustainable energy which is a bit cheaper as compared to the other energies. Increase in populations. We have been having a steady increase in the populations of people in all the countries of the world. The increase in population has resulted in the high use of sustainable energy especially in the residential sector (Warner and Jones, 2016, pp.206-212). Another major reason why the use of sustainable energy has been going high is the numerous benefits associated with sustainable energy as compared to the other types of energy. As we discussed earlier, sustainable energy is inexhaustible and eco-friendly. These desirable characteristics of the energy have increased its popularity in many countries. We have other minor factors which have played a great role in the increase of the use of sustainable energy, but the factors discussed above have been the major factors responsible for the increasing trends. As long as the populations of people will keep on increasing and countries will continue building more industries, the use of sustainable energy will keep on rising. From the data of use of sustainable energy given in the table above, it is clear that the amount of sustainable energy which was used in 2010 is almost double the amount of energy which was used in 1990 in most countries. Currently, most countries have already embraced the use of sustainable energy in most of their industries and other areas which require energy. This is likely to result in the doubling of the use of sustainable energy in the world as it has been predicted by many researchers in the world. Conclusion The conclusion will address the outcomes of our research in relation to our research questions and objectives, the recommendations and other possible areas of research and the limitations of our project. The outcomes of our research From our research, we were able to study the current trends in the use of sustainable energy in different countries of the world. The trends of the use of sustainable energy in these countries represent the trend of the use sustainable energy in the whole world. From the project, we also realize that the use of energy will keep on increasing and we expect it to double by 2030. Many organizations which research the use of sustainable energy have also predicted the use of sustainable energy will double by 2030. Recommendations This project addresses the use of sustainable energy by different countries from 1990 to 2012 and also aims to predict how the countries will continue to use sustainable energy in the future. Sustainable energy has many benefits, and many people should be encouraged to use the energy. For the use of sustainable energy to keep on increasing and have more users in the world, the following recommendations should be considered: Many people should be encouraged to use sustainable energy as it comes with many benefits to the users. Encouraging many people to use sustainable energy will help to increase the use of sustainable energy in the world. Scientists and engineers should carry an extensive research to discover more sources of sustainable energy. This will help to increase the amount of sustainable energy produced which will automatically lead to an increase in the use of sustainable energy. Scientists and engineers should come up with some solutions to address some of the limitations of sustainable energy. Some limitations such as the low capacity of power produced by poorly designed machines can be addressed by designing more efficient machines to be used in harnessing power from the natural sources. These highly efficient machines will help to improve the capacity of power produced. Conclusively, we can say that sustainable energy is one of the best types of energy and for more developments to be achieved in the sector of energy, most people should embrace the use of sustainable energy. Sustainable energy does not deplete regardless of how its used and hence does not compromise with the energy demands of the future generations. Limitations Our project has been faced with various limitations. Some of the major limitations of our research include the following: Our research has focused on fifteen randomly selected countries to predict the future of sustainable energy in the whole world. Different countries have different uses of sustainable energy and for us to obtain very accurate results we should consider all the countries, however, this is practically impossible in our research due to the bulkiness of the data of all the countries. A sample size of fifteen countries helps us to make an acceptable estimation. Another limitation of our research comes from the fact that we cant get an accurate answer to our main research question of whether the use of sustainable energy will double or not. We have just researched how the trends of the use of sustainable energy have been going to help us to get a predicted answer to our research question since we dont know what will happen in the future. Another limitation to our solution comes from the time addressed in our research. The data used covers the use sustainable energy from 1990 to 2012. It could be advisable for the data to cover up to 2017 to have an overview of the current usage of sustainable energy which will help to improve our research. References Alexandra-Gwyn Paetz, E. D. (2012). Smart Homes as a Means to Sustainable Energy Consumption: A Study of Consumer Perceptions. Journal of Consumer Policy, 35(1), pp 2341. Australian Government. (2008). Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector (1986-2020). Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Dalal-Clayton, S. B. (2012). Sustainable Development Strategies: A Resource Book. New York, Unuted States: Routledge. Deepak Pant, G. V. (2010). A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), 1533-1543. Delucchi, M. Z. (2009). A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030. Scientific American, 301, 58-65. Hepbasli, A. (2008, April). A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(3), 593-661. Jefferson W. Tester, E. M. (2012). Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. London: The MIT Press. Jefferson W. Tester, E. M. (2012). Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options (Second ed.). London: The MIT Press. John Twidell, T. W. (2015). Renewable Energy Resources (Third ed.). London: Routledge. Kovarik, B. (2011). History of sustainable energy. Virginia: Wordpress. Krumdieck, F. K. (2013). Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems. New York: CRC Press. Lior, N. (2010). Sustainable energy development: The present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future. Energy, 3976-3994. Majumdar, S. C. (2012, August 15). Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature, 294-303. Mendonca, H. G. (2009). A renewable world: energy, ecology and equality. A report for the World Future Council. Hamburg, Germany: Green Books Resurgence Books. Mudathir Funsho Akorede, H. H. (2010). Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environmen. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 724-734. N.M.A. Huijts E.J.E. Molin, a. L. (2012, January). Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 16(1), 525-531. Omar Ellabban, H. A.-R. (2014). Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 748-764. Omer, A. M. (2008, December). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2265-2300. Baos, F. M.-A. (2011, May). Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(4), 1753-1766. Renewable Energy. (2011). Types of Renewable energy. Types of Renewable energy, 2010-2020. Rosen, I. D. (2013). Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Osaka: Elsevier. Sadorsky, P. (2014). The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Energy Use in Emerging Economies: Implications for Sustainable Development. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 73(2), 392409. Singh, B. R. (2008). A Study on Sustainable Energy Sources and its Conversion Systems Towards Development of an Efficient Zero Pollution Novel Air Turbine to Use as Prime-Mover to the Light Vehicle. Boston. Warner, G. A. (2016). The 21st century population-energy-climate nexus. Energy Policy, 93, 206-212. Wytze van der Gaast, K. B. (2009, February). Promoting sustainable energy technology transfers to developing countries through the CDM. Applied Energy, 86(2), 230-236. Zhang Peidong, Y. Y. (2009, February). Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(2), 439-449.

Scholarship Essay Essays (243 words) - , Term Papers

Scholarship Essay Family Since the day I was born, I have enjoyed story-telling. My first memories are of my father spinning me tales, as I nodded off. Every night I traveled back in time through his stories. I learned of Nero's sadistic burning of Rome, Adolph Hitler's maniacal reign, and Sojourner Truth's brilliant speech. All elements of our historical heritage, for which I have great affection. When I was quite young, my father purchased our very first computer. Through his hobby, I grew to love the technical side of the world in which we live. Through the years, we have owned many computers and they each taught me something new. Due to these two loves, I have chosen to double major in history and computer science. "Jewel, you have to make it. I want you to finish what the rest of us have started. You must finish college," my grandmother has stated to me many times. No one in my family has completed a four year degree. It is my intent to blaze a trail for my posterity, as also is my grandmother's ambition. As long as I can remember it has been my fondest dream (and my furthest goal) to attend college. From the beginning, I knew it would be an uphill climb to gain admission into a prestigious university. Lately I have realized I cannot reach my dreams alone. I need assistance financially. Through applying for financial aid, I am able to alleviate this need. I sincerely hope that you will seriously consider my application.

Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes

Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sure, they can help you get college credit and make your transcript more impressive. But are AP tests hard? The answer isn’t an easy yes or no. You need to consider many factors, including your own academic strengths, your school, and national score statistics. We'll guide you through these different factors and help you decide for yourself how hard AP tests will be! The AP Test Versus the AP Class There are two factors to consider when deciding how hard an AP subject is: the difficulty of the AP exam itself, and how the AP class is taught at your high school. Your score on the exam will affect whether you can get college credit for the class. Your grade in the class will affect your GPA and overall transcript impressiveness. For example, if you’re wondering, "Is AP Biology hard?" the answer depends on a few factors. AP Biology could be a very tough course at one high school but an easy A at another, depending on the teacher and curriculum. The exams, however, are pretty similar year to year. Some are harder than others, though your experience will depend on your personal strengths. In general, all AP classes are challenging and the exams are difficult, since they’re meant to be at the same level of an introductory college class. That said, we'll explore some factors that could make an AP class and test harder or easier. How Hard Is It to Pass an AP Exam? Earning a passing score (3+) on the AP test proves that you mastered the material and are able to study for a college-style cumulative exam. Doing well on the AP exam can help you get college credit and give your college applications a boost. It’s important to think about how hard an AP exam might be for you before signing up for the class. The average passing rate is around 60-70%, so your odds of passing an AP exam are generally good. However, just because the odds are in your favor, that doesn't mean you can slack off- far from it, in fact! The odds of passing with a 5- the highest score- are quite low on any exam: between 10% and 20% for most tests. They are even lower for popular tests, such as both AP English tests and AP US History, which have 5 rates below %. This is likely because a wider pool of exam takers results in more less-prepared students taking the test. Check out the table below to see the 2019 passing rates for all AP exams: Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) 5 Rate Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% 20.8% Spanish Language and Culture 89.0% 24.9% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% 57.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% 21.0% Calculus BC 81.5% 43.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% 35.9% Seminar 80.7% 6.8% French Language and Culture 76.7% 15.5% Research 76.2% 10.8% Japanese Language and Culture 75.0% 38.2% Computer Science Principles 72.7% 13.6% Spanish Literature 71.9% 9.1% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% 34.6% German Language and Culture 70.5% 18.4% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% 10.1% Computer Science A 69.9% 27.0% Microeconomics 68.4% 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% 22.2% Biology 64.6% 7.1% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% .8% Psychology 64.4% 20.2% Art History 63.9% 12.0% Physics 2 63.5% 12.6% Music Theory 63.4% 20.9% Latin 63.1% 13.1% Statistics 59.2% 14.5% European History 58.4% .7% Calculus AB 58.3% 18.9% Macroeconomics 57.9% 17.6% World History 56.0% 8.7% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% 12.9% English Language and Composition 55.1% 10.1% Chemistry 54.6% 10.7% United States History 54.3% 12.1% English Literature and Composition 50.1% 6.2% Environmental Science 49.6% 9.5% Human Geography 49.1% 10.7% Physics 1 44.6% 6.2% Source: College Board. Note that a lot of AP classes self-select for motivated students or students with experience in a subject- especially the ones with ridiculously high pass rates, such as Calculus BC, Chinese, and Physics. Even though these exams have high pass rates, they're are often viewed as some of the hardest AP classes to pass. Also, notice that exams with some of the lowest passing rates, such as Environmental Science and Human Geography, are ones many students say are the easiest. These exams have lower passing rates because younger high school students who are less prepared for AP tests often take these classes. In addition, many students simply underestimate them and don’t study enough. As a result, these exams can be easier to pass, but you have to be prepared to study and not expect to pass without some hard work. If you are studying for a test with a particularly low pass or 5 rate, be sure to do plenty of multiple-choice and free-response practice so you can get that top score. Also, consult our scoring guide to learn how to come up with a target raw score while practicing. Furthermore, instead of just going off the pass rate table only, think about the subjects you’ve traditionally been strong at- these will likely be easier APs for you to pass. On the other hand, if there is a subject you've always struggled with, the AP exam in it will likely be hard for you, even if it seems as though a lot of students are able to pass it every year. How Hard Are AP Classes? So what about the classes themselves? Is AP Chemistry hard? Is AP Psychology hard? How about Statistics or English? How hard an AP class itself will be for you is important to consider. In general, a B in an AP class is more impressive than an A in a regular course. However, if your GPA is getting dragged down by a bunch of AP classes, that’s not the best outcome either. After all, your GPA is very important in college admissions and is used to calculate your chance at getting scholarships, too. Therefore, you want to make sure that you challenge yourself but don’t spread yourself too thin. Of course, getting an A in an AP class is ideal. The difficulty of an AP class will depend on your school and its grading policy (some schools weigh AP classes so getting lower than an A won’t necessarily drop your GPA below a 4.0). AP class difficulty also varies a lot from teacher to teacher. Some teachers won’t assign a lot of work but will expect you to study on your own. Others will keep you busy with nightly assignments, practice tests, and projects. As an example, I took both World History and US History AP courses in high school. Both AP tests are considered difficult: you have to learn a ton of material and also be able to write quality free-response answers in a short amount of time. However, even though the tests were similarly hard, these two AP history classes were taught very differently at my school. For AP World History, we were given reading assignments out of the textbook and unit tests, but there were not many daily assignments or projects. Basically, we were expected to keep up with the material on our own, and, as a result, I had to independently handle much of my own studying for the test. For US History, we had textbook readings, outlines, vocabulary lists, and research projects. Our teacher also held many after-school and Saturday study sessions. The class itself kept me very busy, but the assignments were important practice for the AP test, and so there was less I had to do on my own. World History was fairly easy to get an A in but a tough test to pass. By contrast, US History was tough to get an A in and a tough test to pass. There is no right way to teach an AP class. But as a student, you should be aware of your strengths and limitations. Do you do better directing your own studying, or is it helpful for you to have daily assignments to force you to stay on top of things? Being able to answer this question will help you choose AP classes that play to your strengths, and also let you get good grades and pass the exam. In general, there is a lot of material to cover in AP classes, so they tend to be more challenging than regular classes- especially courses like AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Physics, US and World History, and English. These are all much harder than their regular or honors equivalents. Some exceptions are AP US Government, which some schools cover in a semester because there is less material, and AP Environmental Science, which has less memorization than AP Biology and AP Chemistry do. Still, how hard any one AP class will be ultimately depends on your school and the teacher. Find out about the teacher and curriculum of an AP class before signing up to make sure it’s a good fit for you and your study style. (See our post on which AP class you should take to learn more about scoping out classes.) How to Decide Whether an AP Class Is Too Hard for You It's often difficult to determine whether an AP class will be too difficult for you. Here are some tips to lend you a hand for both before and after you sign up for an AP class. Before You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Think About the Classes You've Already Taken For example, in order to take AP Biology, most schools require students to take regular or honors biology first. The more background knowledge you have of a certain subject, the more likely you'll do well in its corresponding AP class. If you don't have a ton of prerequisites for an AP class, think carefully about whether the class will be out of your reach. It'd be very tough to take on, say, AP Physics, if you've never taken a physics course before! #2: Can You Find a Copy of the AP Syllabus? Looking at the AP class's current syllabus can help you find out what the workload is like and how the teacher integrates practice AP exams into the course. You can also talk to current students and ask about their experiences in the class. #3: Find Out the Passing Rate for the AP Test at Your School If the passing rate for the AP test is low, recognize that you might have to put in a lot of work on your own in order to pass it. If it’s a high pass rate, though, that’s a good sign that the teacher has a strong AP-prep curriculum in place. #4: See Whether There's a Summer Assignment Many AP classes kick off with work over the summer. If you already have summer plans that will make it hard to complete the work, think carefully about whether you can fit that class into your schedule. After You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Evaluate How Things Are Going at Your First Midterm What’s your grade so far in the class? How are you doing with the teacher’s style? How well are you getting the material? Consider dropping to the regular class if you are seriously struggling, but try to push through the first marking period. Just make sure that you don’t pass your school’s class- change deadline! #2: Reevaluate at the End of the First Term If, by the end of the first quarter/trimester, your grade hasn’t improved or you don’t think you are understanding the material, seriously consider dropping to the regular version of the course. It’s not worth taking the AP exam if you’re certain you won’t pass- and it’s definitely not worth damaging your GPA over an AP test you won’t pass! #3: Before Dropping, Explore Extra Resources Don't just drop an AP class right away; rather, try to explore other resources available to you, such as in-school tutoring, private tutoring, online resources, and study groups. If meeting with a study group once a week or doing your own online practice problems helps you keep up with an AP class, then consider pushing through. However, if you try adding an outside resource and are still seriously struggling to understand the material and make it through the class, it's better to just drop to regular and focus your efforts on other advanced classes. What’s Next? Read our guides to learn more about AP tests, such as how long they are and how can you deal with exhaustion. Also, learn about how AP tests are scored. The first step to getting a 5 is finding out the minimum raw score you need to earn one! Have you taken the ACT or SAT yet? Not sure which one you’ll do best on? Read our guide to choose the test that’s right for you. If you've taken the SAT and want to improve your score, check out our guides to improving your Reading, Writing, and Math scores. Taking the ACT instead? Learn the vocabulary you need to know, all the most important grammar rules, and how to write an ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Emission Spectrum Definition in Science

Emission Spectrum Definition in Science In general, an emission spectrum describes the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by an energetic object. What this object is depends on the scientific discipline. In chemistry, an emission spectrum refers to the range of wavelengths emitted by an atom or compound stimulated by either heat or electric current. An emission spectrum is unique to each element. The emission spectrum of burning fuel or other molecules may also be used to example its composition. In astronomy, the emission spectrum generally refers to the spectrum of a star, nebula, or another body. How an Emission Spectrum Is Produced When an atom or molecule absorbs energy, electrons are bumped into a higher energy state. When the electron drops to a lower energy state, a photon is released equal to the energy between the two states. There are multiple energy states available to an electron, so there are many possible transitions, leading to the numerous wavelengths that comprise the emission spectrum. Because each element has a unique emission spectrum, the spectrum obtained from any hot or energetic body may be used to analyze its composition.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Philosophy - Essay Example With this emerged various schools of thoughts which promoted specific theories of brain functioning and psyche. One of them is functionalism. Functionalism Functionalism in philosophy of mind is a school of thought that states: â€Å"†¦a physical or abstract entity is identified by its causal or operational role† (Floridi). It is a doctrine that negates the idea of internal causes and constitutions of various mental states. It rejects the idea of unseen and abstract, even structural causes for these states and believes that every mental state has a separate and distinctive function or role in its respective system. As far as the origin of this doctrine is concerned, its roots lie back to Greek civilization. The concept of soul projected by Aristotle seems to offer the elementary base for functionalism whose antecedent goes back to Hobbes’s idea of human mind as a mere ‘calculating machine’. However, this particular school had got fame in the last quart er of twentieth century. Moreover, functionalism is not merely restricted to the philosophy only; it is rather involved in almost every natural and physical field of science including psychology, sociology, even education. Functionalism in Psychology Psychology emerged as a science in the late 19th century and functionalism proved to be an important mile stone in its wider acceptance and visionary exposure. It rose as a protest against structuralism and added various functional aspects of human brain along with the structural ones that shapes the humanistic behavior. According to Coon, it is â€Å"†¦concerned with how behaviour and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments†, and in this way it defines the function of various psychological and mental states Invalid source specified.. Functionalism offers an alternative to behaviourism and identity theory of mind: one regards every mental activity as a particular behaviour formed as a habit through continuou s practice; the other divides them into types that are further correlated to the physical events occurring within the brain. Functionalism projects that every mental activity that takes place in the mind performs a particular function in the physical systems. These mental states are realized on multiple levels each of which offers a complete separate system. Thus, human mind behaves like a computational machine which directs external behaviours of the man (Jaworski). Putnam’s Philosophy of Mind Hilary Putnam was an American computer expert, mathematician and philosopher who had caught special attention in philosophy of mind in around 1960’s when he had put forward his hypothesis of ‘multiple realizability’ (Figure 1). He argues that all living beings can feel pain, yet their reasons of pain are not the same. With the help of the example of animals, he further elaborates that every creature cannot have the same brain structure, and therefore same mental eve nts (like pain, emotions, desires, sensations, etc.) cannot happen in everyone. Thus, he tries to imply that mental realizability differs from creature to creature as a result of which feelings and sensations differ, and this is so because each sensation is due to a physical property that differs. Figure 1 Putnam’s Philosophy of Multiple Realizability Moreover, he has also put forward the first formulation of this functionalist theory in the form of ‘machine-state functionalism’. It was based on the analogy between human mind and the Turing machine that can calculate any

Emerging Technologies in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerging Technologies in Accounting - Essay Example For the order to be recorded for the delivery date requested, the valid product ids and quantities will need to be entered after the event. If the delivery date requested also needs to be checked for feasibility, the database must have information on the 1) Stocks available for the products ordered; 2) List of all orders scheduled between now and the requested date for the products; 3) Balance capacity available for fulfilling this order. No obligations would be recorded in the Accounting books at this stage. However, the Company accepts the obligation to supply the products by the delivery date; and the customer accepts the obligation to receive and pay for the goods as per the order’s terms. Event b: When the system schedules the production of goods the information needed from the database are 1) Free stocks available for each product ordered; 2) Bill of materials required for the products ordered; 3) Stocks of raw materials available; 4) Production operations to be performed and the time required for each operation; 5) Machinery, Equipment, and Labor required for the operations and their availability Event c: For the system to schedule raw material orders from the vendors, the information needed in the database are 1) Raw material requirements for the goods, based on Bill of Materials; 2) Preferred vendors for the raw materials; 3) Vendor rates; 4) Lead time for supply of the raw materials. Event d: For the raw materials to be received and stored, the database should have information relating to 1) The order placed with the vendors, i.e., Vendor Id, Order No, Order date, Desires Delivery date, Raw material id, quantity, price, Delivery terms, and Payment terms; 2) Goods acceptance details based on inspection of the raw materials supplied.

Furman v. georgia Essay Example for Free

Furman v. georgia Essay The death penalty or capital punishment has been part of our humanity for years and years. Existed since ancient times, according to people a person who has committed an atrocious act, was sentence to death penalty or capital punishment. The death penalty begins back in the 18th century B.C. in the code of king Hammaurabi of Baylon; who was accused of committing 25 crimes. In years past, the punishments where more crucial then today, the execution procedures had no boundaries, forms of killing where endless. Drowning, whacking, â€Å"damnatio ad Bestia† which was death cause by a wild animal, dismemberment: dividing the body into quarter-usually with an ax, throwing then off a high place, impalement: one of the most crucial consisting in beating them with a stick, buried alive, the guillotine: decapitation, wretch they refer as the â€Å"quick, clean and humane† way of doing the killing, death by torture, stoning crucifying was also consider a death penalty act. Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem part of his punishment for being the son of God. Within times pass the process change a little to decapitation, execution, hanging, electrocution, execution by gas and the one use to date lethal injection. (1. History of death penalty) One of the cases that reach the Supreme Court and change the laws in the United States about the death penalty was the case of Furman v. Georgia in 1971. William Henry Furman claimed that his sentencing violated his rights guaranteed by the 14th amendment. (The 14th Amendment was passed after the American Civil War, and was designed to prevent states from denying due process and equal protection under the law to their citizens. And was dividing into sections: the first section of the amendment was to revolutionize federalism, stated that no state could â€Å"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction. The equal protection of the laws, gradually the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment to mean the guarantees of the bill of rights apply to the states as well as the national government.) (2. Our documents) Furman’s v. Georgia: Furman was a 26year old man with very little education. A man that struggle his whole life about making a living, was very depressed and moody all the time there were days when he didn’t have anything to eat, and that’s when he started breaking into homes to be able to survive. He was caught a couple of times but was giving a light or suspended sentence. A psychiatrist had already diagnosed him with emotionally disturbed and mentally impaired. But was still entering homes in order to live. On August 11, 1967 Furman enter a home and was going through some things when he heard a noise and try to escape the home, some said he drop the gun and when it hit the ground it shot and others said he felt and the gun discharge killing Mr. William Joseph Micke Jr. a husband and father of 5 children. The death was truly a tragic, it was an accident that resulted in murder, and his carrying a gun was to protect himself in case or to even scare a person and be able to run without any incidents. Furman despite of his conditions was convicted of murder and sentence to death in a one day trial. Although Furman did not intend to kill the resident he regales committed murder during the commission of a felony, and was an aggravating factor, and the one in particular which made him eligible for the death penalty (3. Murderpedia) When the trial approached he pleaded not guilty by means of insanity, which was the advice of his appointed attorney. The court at that time order another psychiatric test and the physicians who examined agreed that he was mentally deficient and in the report they concluded that Furman experienced mild to moderate psychotic episodes associate with convulsive disorder. After a few weeks in a hospital assigned by the court, the Dr. said he knows what’s right from wrong and that he was competent to stand trial for murder. Although killing was an accident, the state of Georgia at the time authorized that the death penalty be giving weather a murder took place during the commission of a felony. Furman had one thing going against him at all times; he was a black man in the 60s and 70s and most blacks guilty of committing murder in that state was a reason enough to sentence to death penalty. In 1972 the case reach the Supreme Court which they rule 5-4 that the death penalty as then administered violated the 8th amendment proscription against cruel and unusual punishment and the 14th amendment equal protection clause. The courts typically issue the decision with a majority opinion written and sign by one of the justices. On occasion the court will issue a per curiam decision which takes the form of a brief, unassigned opinion. All 9 judges had different opinions, although 5 justices voted to reverse the death sentences, there concurring opinions revealed that it was shaky coalition. Each majority justice, Mr. Douglas, Mr. Stewart, Mr. White, Mr. Marshall, and Mr. Brennan, wrote a separate concurring opinion supporting the majority decision. Each believed that Furman had indeed been deprived of his constitutional rights. The justices could not agree on an argument striking down the death penalty across the board, however. This unusual procedure reflected not only the intense differences of opinion within the majority, but also the difficulty of deciding the constitutionality—or presumed lack thereof—of the death sentence. The four dissenters, Chief Justice Burger and Justices Blackmun, Powell, and Rehnquist, also wrote extensive opinions expressing their views against the majority opinion. Several argued taking the position of judicial restraint that the death penalty was a matter for the people to decide, through their legislatures. Others argued that emotional appeals were not appropriate in Supreme Court opinions. Finally, the dissenters were disturbed by the erosion of federalism and the unnecessarily invasive judicial activism practiced by the justices of the Warren Court. They said that it was disproportionally applied to the â€Å"poor and despised† that it was applied in an arbitrary and capricious fashion.† Justice Douglas was the man that came up with the idea to review the historic of the death sentence penalty for both America and England. This justice noticed that the laws was extremely unfair because it was applied only to the minorities, the outcast and the smaller population in the country. He decide that the death penalty was unusual and against Gods Plan. Furman centered on the convictions and death sentences of 3 African American men. His case ended changing the way they see each individual case. (4. Law Cornell My opinion on this case is that everyone should be treaty equally, his intent was to commit a crime of robbery not a murder. Unfortunaly we are all aware that the criminal justice system in the United States is imperfect and that we are aware of the flaws that exist within our system. I would of punished him with many years in prison but not the death penalty due to it wasn’t his intentions. Furman did not outlaw the death penalty. It just required states to prevent random, racial, unfair results by giving juries management to apply the death penalty fairly. After Furman, most states modified their death penalty laws. The new laws created a two-phase system for death penalty cases. In the first phase, the jury decides if the defendant is guilty of murder. In the second phase, the jury hears new evidence to decide if the defendant deserves the death penalty. The new laws gave juries guidance for making this decision. (1,2,3,4) Following the case of Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty systems were unconstitutional violations of the Eighth Amendment’s prevention on â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishments. After this case many states changed their death penalty laws. Four years later in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Court reaffirmed the death penalty as constitutional. Troy Gregg had been found guilty of murder and armed robbery and sentenced to death. He asked the Court to go further than it had in the Furman case, and rule the death penalty itself unconstitutional. The Court refused to do so. The Court found that Georgia’s system for applying the death penalty was â€Å"judicious† and â€Å"careful.† Gregg had gone through two trials – one to determine guilt and one for sentencing. Further, specific jury findings of â€Å"aggravating circumstances† were necessary to impose the death penalty. There was therefore no Eighth Amendment violation, and the death penalty was constitutional. (5. Georgia encyclopedia/ 6. Lectlaw) Gregg v. Georgia took place on March, 1976. The case dealt with administrative law; this legal field controls the â€Å"due process† clause of the United States Constitution. The due process clause is defined as the government’s obligation to respect and uphold the legal rights of American people during and after they are arrested. Both the Federal and state governments are required to protect and preserve a person’s human rights and liberties. All governments of the United States are required to treat citizens in a fair and respectful manner during the arrest process. When he appealed his sentence as cruel and unusual and a violation of the Eighth Amendment, the US Supreme Court in a 7-2 decision upheld the sentence. The court ruled that the death penalty was an appropriate punishment in extreme criminal cases and that Georgia had settled appropriate values and other precautions to guide a jurys considerations in capital cases. He was sentence to death penalty do to the fact that he entered the house armed so he meant danger to the community and that his purpose was to commit the crime. The United States Supreme Court stated that the execution of Troy Leon Gregg was Constitutional due to the fact that Mr. Gregg was tried, head and sentenced through a formal judicial system. The night before he was supposed to be killed, Gregg escaped from prison and was killed in North Carolina following a fight. (7 law cornell) In this case the court upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, defending statutes that guide judges and juries in the decision to issue the death sentence. The Court did, however, state that the madatory use of the death penalty would be prohibited under the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. The defendent in this case, Gregg, had been convicted on two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. The jury was instructed by the trial judge, who was following Georgia state law, to return with either a decision of life imprisonment or the death penalty. Justice Byron stated in his opinion that Gregg had failed in his burden of showing that the Georgia Supreme Court had not done all it could to prevent discriminatory practices in the forming of his sentence. This decision became the first time the Court stated that punishment of death does not invariably violate the Constitution. (8. Death penalty)

Expanding the Literary Canon Essay -- Literature English Essays

Expanding the Literary Canon While this essay can in no way claim to contain a fully representative sampling of what various scholars have contributed relative to the ongoing debate over the literary canon, I will attempt to highlight three distinct positions which are all informed by John Guillory's critical contributions to the canonical debate. First, I will discuss the concept of ideology and canon formation as Guillory first articulated it in his 1983 essay, "The Ideology of Canon Formation: T. S. Eliot and Cleanth Brooks," and which he subsequently thoroughly revised and included in his 1993 book on canon formation, Cultural Capital: The Problem of literary Canon Formation This essay on the ways ideology and cultural politics complicates and informs canon formation, also discusses Guillory's theory concerning the death Joe Weixlmann who offers his own commentary concerning how ideology and politics of literary orthodoxy in favor of a more democratically situated heterodoxy, and how this concept of a hetero doxy might inform the university's literary curriculum. Next, Christopher Ricks' essay, 'What is at stake in the "battle of the books"?" will be analyzed to determine if his attack on Guillory's assertions relative to his critique of the current status of the canonical debate contributes in any meaningful way to opinions about whether or not the literary canon should be revised. Finally, the several critics who have now offered commentary on Guillory's latest theories on canon formation as articulated in Cultural Capital will be discussed relative to how influential they perceive Guillory's latest work to be as it pertains to the ongoing debate over the nature of the extant literary canon. Guillory begins "The Ideol... ...479. Guillory, John. "The Ideology of Canon-Formation: T.S. Eliot and Cleanth Brooks." Critical Inquiry. 10 (1('3~) 144-176. Guillory, John. Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993 Readings, Bill. Rev. of Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation: by John Guillory. Modern Language Quarterly. 55:3 (1994) 321-326 Ricks, Christopher. "What is at stake in the "battle of the books"?," The New Criterion. (1989) 40-44 Robbins, Bruce. "'Real Politics' and the Canon Debate." Rev. of Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation by John Guillory. Contemporary Literature 35 (1994) 365-375 Roberts, Lynn. Personal interview conducted 13 March 1996 Weixlmann, Joe. "Dealing with the Demands of an Expanding Literary Canon." College English 50 (1988) 273-283

Fashion, Gender and Identity

‘Gender is a meaning that a culture assigns to sexual differences' and within gender, ‘masculinity and femininity are the divisions that a culture creates between behavior and ‘characteristics considered to be appropriate to men and women' (Bernard, 2007, 185- 186). Fashion aids in the social construction of gender through separating male and female fashion and promoting the stereotypical feminine figure. From the days of stays and petticoats to corsets and crinolines and now with padded bras and ‘Spans', fashion has seen centuries of shrinking and augmentation of the body to achieve the sexualities, feminine' shape.The communicative function' of the body and they way in which it is McCollum is like a ‘language' – a ‘cultural communication' (Descanters, 1997, 11). Being ‘feminine' is Just one of many ‘performances' that people can choose to present and a person's choice to follow more typically feminine or masculine styles can pr ovide an insight into who they are (Gauntlet, 2008, 11). Although certain guidelines may be socially expected, in the western world, we are largely in control of what we wear and thus are perpetually communicating some element of personal identity every time we get dressed, whether it is intentional or subconscious.Using the visual examples of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and a fashion icon in the late 18th century and Lady Gaga, a current fashion and pop icon, this essay demonstrates how, even though centuries have passed, the practice of augmenting and shrinking the figure through fashion garments to achieve a feminine' shape has continued to perpetuate social constructions of femininity. Then, the example of Andre] Pelvic is used to demonstrate how appearance can communicate identity, in particular gender identity.Beginning in the 16th century in Europe, Women's bodies were universally forced onto bizarre, unnatural shapes' (Smith, 1998, 5). Stays, petticoats, corsets and cr inolines with stiff fabric, boning and wire were used to force the body into the desirable feminine' silhouette of the time. Constant dissatisfaction and change with the idealized shape of the body reinforced the idea that the natural body needed to be ‘improved and restricted' to be considered attractive (Smith, 1998, 5).We see this trend continue into modern day clothing and undergarments. This constant restriction and augmentation, which occurs almost solely to the female body, aids in the social construction and communication of gender. Illustration of Marie Antoinette by Panderer-Login, from Encyclopedia Figure 1 Britannica Image Quest A royal exemplar existed in the form of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France from 1774 until 1792 – a time when all of Europe was ‘culturally and stylistically influenced' by France, during the Rococo era (Coving, 2006, 56.Descanters, 1997, 35-36). The desired feminine physical ideal at this time was the ‘hourglass female fi gure: a tiny waist, ample bosom and large hips which enhanced femininity (Tallahatchie-Villas, 2007, 36-37). Marie Antoinette had to ‘learn to be a woman (or at least how to perform indemnity)' through the molding of her body with fashion garments (Goodman, 2003, 6). In Figure 1 (above) the Queen is depicted with her hand resting on her commodious and voluminous skirt, serenely gazing into the palace.It can be seen that her body is distinctly shaped to the ‘hourglass' figure that Tallahatchie-Villas (2007) refers to as an image of ‘enhanced femininity – the tightly laced corset has shrunk her waist and her bosom is being flattened and pushed upwards to have an overflowing effect. At the same time her hips have been augmented by a large pannier shaped undergarment and gathers and ruffles of fabric add to the luminous result. Corsets had been present since the beginning of the 17th century, initially made with an iron structure, which was replaced by whalebone in the 18th century.At the beginning of the 18th century, the farthing' – a framework of hoops' that aristocratic women had previously worn to provide volume under their skirts – was replaced by the crinoline (Charles & Carl, 2010, 30). The crinoline augmented the size of the hips and changed shape to follow changing fashions in the desired feminine physique. In the early 18th century the shape of the crinoline was round, it then came oval and then ‘conical' (Charles & Carl, 2010, 30).By the mid 18th century they had become a ‘pannier' shape meaning ‘side hoops' or false hips' – a shape that was flat on front and back and extended on the wearer's left and right, giving her exceedingly wide hips (Cumming, Conjunction & Conjunction, 2010, 148). This is the shape we see in Panderer-Aligns illustration of Marie Antoinette in Figure 1 . In this illustration there are a number of elements of composition and execution that support the conclusion that the molding the Queen underwent were both expected and desirable at this time.There is the artist's decision to place her in a standing position in which the full scale of her skirt can be realized, the addition of shading to emphasize her bust, and dark shadowing around the waist that functions to reduce its size. The enormity of the Queen's gown in relation to her head and the background of the portrait ensure that her curvaceous feminine shape instantly draws the viewer's eye. The artist's decision to contrast the rich, dark objects in the background with pale colors to illustrate her in the foreground again draws attention to this almost ethereal feminine form.One wonders how widely this image as distributed, given our knowledge of Marie Antoinette influence on fashion. Queen Marie Antoinette was known as the ‘Queen of Fashion' and her choices in clothing were closely documented, publicized and duplicated by women throughout the whole of Europe (Weber, 2007, 1). Her wardr obe has even provided inspiration for current designers such as Much Dulcet for her millinery collection at the Autumn/ Winter 2012/13 London Fashion Week and John Gilligan for his Spring 2010 Couture collection for Dior in Paris (Clearing, 2012. Maida, 2010).The consequence of her choice to conform to the notion of molding her body, restricting and augmenting – wrought undergarments and fashion garments – to achieve the hourglass shape ensured this practice remained in fashion and in turn contributed to the social constructions of the feminine physical ideal. After the fall of the monarchy at the turn of the century this fashion of restricting and augmenting the body, molding it to achieve the ideal feminine' physique, persisted. The use of the waist- shrinking, bust- raising corset was continued into the nineteenth century, although steel boning began to be used instead of whalebone.By the mid sass, ‘cheap, mass-produced' corsets were developed and became a tab le of nearly every woman's wardrobe (Gag & Steele, 2005, 291). At this time, flexible sprung-steel rings suspended from cloth tapes' known as ‘Hopkins' were in fashion and augmented the size of the wearer's hips (Gag & Steele, 2005, 317). The corset remained in fashion into the early twentieth century, when it had become a ‘straight front' corset that ‘pushed the pelvis back and the bosom forward,' forming the desired feminine physique at the time – the ‘S' silhouette (Gag & Steele, 2005, 293).The fashionable body in this period was augmented towards the back with use of a bustle skirt. In the sass, the fashionable female figure was ‘boyish and flat- cheesed,' so the waist shrinking corset and wired underskirts became largely obsolete, but the practice of restriction remained in fashion as the breasts still had to be tightly bound, this time to conceal rather than enhance' (Smith, 1998, 5).In 1939, and then after World War II, Tallahatchie-Villas ' image of ‘enhanced femininity with a tiny waist, ample bosom and large hips' returned to fashion again and brought with it the return of the corset and fuller skirts (Tallahatchie-Villas, 2007, 36-37. Gag & Steele, 2005, 293). From the sass onwards the process of restriction and augmentation to achieve the desired feminine physique dictated by fashion at the time has continued. A review of more recent trends and products and fashion exemplars appears below.Currently there is no singular feminine' silhouette that is being dictated by fashion. In some areas of fashion media we are seeing the same boyish thinness as in the twenties and in others there is a push for the ‘real', curvaceous shape (Abraham, 2012). There are still some ‘corset enthusiasts' and elements of these undergarments such as boning and full skirts are still being used in many women's garments as well as in haute couture fashion. There is a myriad of other new garments encouraged by fashion for wo men to restrict, augment and mold their bodies into any desired shape.A few products currently on the market include the Wastepaper' – a tubular piece of Lacy worn to slim the waist and flatten the stomach; the ‘High-waist Long Leg Brief which is designed to provide ‘under-bust and tummy support, hip and thigh contouring, and a nice boost for your butt'; as well as ‘Padded Shaper Panties' which have two round foam pads to give you a ‘perfectly rounded derriere' and padded bras to increase bust size (Morgan, 2012). Compared to the days of corsets and crinolines, he variety of ways in which fashion encourages women to squeeze, expand and mold their bodies have grown.Figure 2 – Photograph of Lady Gaga at the 2009 MET Music awards. Photo courtesy of Getty Images, 2009 Lady Gaga, is Without question, the world's biggest pop star' and a current fashion icon (Robinson, 2010, 280). She famously morphs her body into the sexualities feminine hourglass sha pe with boning, padding and structured garments – often designed specifically for her by current avian garden fashion designers such as Giorgio Airman and Nicola Fortieth for Thither Mugger (Fleming 2012.Nick, 2011). In the above photograph (Figure 2) Lady Gaga is wearing a Jean Paul Guiltier padded and boned body suit, which drastically shapes her figure into the curvaceous, hourglass silhouette of ‘enhanced femininity that Tallahatchie-Villas refers to (2007). The boning restricts the size of her waist while the undermine and padding on the cups over her breasts raise and shape the bust and the padding on her hips augment their size.Although this is an exaggerated example and would not be considered a ready- to- wear garment that women would be seen in on the street, Lady Saga's style choices are influential on how women choose to dress in mainstream culture. More than four hundred years after the first corsets and petticoats came into fashion, we see that the process of restricting and augmenting the female body to achieve a look considered to be feminine is still widespread.Through encouraging this practice and promoting a desired feminine physique that is difficult to attain naturally, fashion aids in the social construction of gender. An individual's choices about the clothes, make-up, accessories and styling that they adorn before venturing into public can communicate a lot about who they are. At the name time, the changeable and impermanent nature of these external applications meaner that no definite assumptions of a person's identity can be made and these variables can easily be manipulated by the individual, allowing them to become who they would like to be.An individual's unique interpretations of, and resistances to conventional fashions is known as ‘appearance style' and is a medium through which individuals can ‘announce' who they are or who they want to become (Gag & Steele, 2005, 34). There are some elements of appeara nce that we are accustomed to observing and processing almost immediately when we look at a person. For example when you see a stranger, it is highly likely that you will be able to tell if their gender is male or female almost instantly and their appearance style aids in this immediate recognition.When you observe the combination of their choice of hair cut, cosmetics, clothing, accessories, shoes and mannerisms; you can draw a conclusion about what gender that person is ‘announcing that they are. This shows that the individual has the power to manipulate these components of their appearance to communicate their understanding of their personal gender identity. An example of how successfully appearance can provide an insight into gender identity and also how easily it can be manipulated can be seen through examining performances of Andre] Epic.Pelvic is biologically a man but models as both a male and a female. At his first fashion week – New York Fashion week Fall/Wint er 2011/12 – he walked in five menswear shows and four homeowners shows and this number has since grown (Morris, 2011). Pelvic explains how he began to mold himself into the typically feminine aesthetic, creating an appearance style that would be read as female – he grew and dyed his hair, ‘started wearing skinny Sears†¦ Hopping in the women's aisle and putting on make-up' (Morris, 2011). Pelvic was voted the ninety- eighth sexiest woman in the world in Fem. ‘One Hundred Sexiest Women' list last year (Peck, 2011, 24). Figure 3 – Andre] Pelvic in ‘Hem' ad campaign. Photo courtesy of Hem from Hollywood Planet, 2011 In the above ad for the Dutch department store ‘Hem', Andre] Pelvic is pictured wearing their ‘mega push up bra' underneath a close-fitted top and a figure hugging dress (Freeman- Greene, 2011).The bra is claimed to ‘add two cup sizes' to its wearer's bust, which it has achieved successfully with Epic's originall y flat chest (Quicker, 2011). His body has been manipulated so that his appearance style masticates his gender as female. His hair is long and blow-dried in a typically feminine style, he is wearing make-up and a necklace, his arms are void of hair and his body has been manipulated to augment the bust with padding. He attempts to channel the poses that female models often make by moving and looking at the camera in a fluid and dramatic' manner (Morris, 2011).The close up angle of the photos and the choice of shots where Pelvic is making direct eye contact with the camera enforces the believability of Epic's feminine appearance. The success of the communication of Epic's gender identity as female in this advertisement monstrance the extent to which an individual can communicate who they are or would like to be through their appearance. As an audience we almost automatically assume Pelvic to be a ‘beautiful, Victorians Secret queue bombshell' (Abraham, 2011).This mutual communic ation and interpretation that can be achieved through manipulating the variables of appearance style allows for an individual's look to say much about who they are. Fashion aids in the social construction of gender through separating male and female fashion and promoting the stereotypical feminine figure. In numerous entities past and continuing into the present, the practice of women using wire, steel, elastic and padding to McCollum their bodies to the fashionable shape of the time has been common, even expected.We have examined how Queen Marie Antoinette encouraged this practice in the 18th Century by wearing a corset to nip her waist and enhance her bust as well as hoop pannier skirts to widen her hips. In the 21st Century it has been demonstrated that this body distortion is still common with pop icon Lady Gaga wearing a boned and padded body suit that provides her with that feminine, hourglass shape. We then saw how this practice is so typically expected to be feminine that th e biologically male model Andre] Pelvic can display his female gender identity by donning a padded bra. Fashion, Gender and Identity gender is a meaning that a culture assigns to sexual differences' and within gender, ‘masculinity and ‘femininity are the divisions that a culture creates between behavior and ‘characteristics considered to be appropriate to men and women' (Bernard, 2007, 185- 186). Fashion aids In the social construction of gender through separating male and female fashion and promoting the stereotypical feminine figure. From the days of stays and petticoats to corsets and crinolines and now with padded bras and Spans, fashion has seen centuries of shrinking and augmentation of the body to achieve the sexualities, feminine' shape.The communicative function' of the body and they way in which it is molded is like a ‘language' – a ‘cultural communication' (Descanters, 1997, 11). Being ‘feminine' is Just one of many ‘performances' that people can choose to present and a person's choice to follow more typically feminine or masculine styles can provide an i nsight into who they are (Gauntlet, 2008, 11). Although certain guidelines may be socially expected, in the western world, we are largely in control of what we wear and thus are perpetually communicating some element of personal Identity every time we get dressed, whether It Is Intentional or subconscious.Using the visual examples of Merle Antoinette, Queen of France and a fashion Icon In the late 1 8th century and Lady Gaga, a current fashion and pop Icon, this essay demonstrates how, even though centuries have passed, the practice of augmenting and shrinking the figure through fashion garments to achieve a ‘feminine' shape has continued to perpetuate social constructions of femininity. Then, the example of Andrea Pelvic is used to demonstrate how appearance can communicate identity, In particular gender identity.Beginning in the 16th century in Europe, Women's bodies were universally forced onto bizarre, unnatural shapes' (Smith, 1998, 5). Stays, petticoats, corsets and crin olines with staff fabric, boning and wire were used to force the body Into the desirable friendly' silhouette of the time. Constant dissatisfaction and change with the Idealized shape of the body reinforced the Idea that the natural body needed to be ‘improved and restricted' to be considered attractive (Smith, 1 998, 5). We see this trend continue into modern day clothing and undergarments.This constant restriction and augmentation, which occurs almost solely to the female body, aids in he social construction and communication of gender. Britannica Image Quest A royal exemplar existed in the form of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France from 1774 until 1792 – a time when all of Europe was ‘culturally and stylistically influenced' by France, during the Rococo era (Coving, 2006, 56. Descanters, 1997, 35-36). The desired feminine physical ideal at this time was the ‘hourglass female figure: a tiny waist, ample bosom and large hips which enhanced femininity (Tallah atchie-Villas, 2007, 36-37).Marie Antoinette had to ‘learn to be a woman (or at least how to perform indemnity)' through the molding of her body with fashion garments (Goodman, 2003, 6). In Figure 1 (above) the Queen is depicted with her hand resting on her commodious and voluminous skirt, serenely gazing into the palace. It can be seen that her body is distinctly shaped to the ‘hourglass' figure that Tallahatchie-Villas (2007) refers to as an image of ‘enhanced femininity – the tightly laced corset has shrunk her waist and her bosom is being flattened and pushed upwards to have an overflowing effect.At the same time her hips have been augmented by a large pannier shaped undergarment and gathers and ruffles of fabric add to the luminous result. Corsets had been present since the beginning of the 17th century, initially made with an iron structure, which was replaced by whalebone in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, the farthing'  œ a framework of hoops' that aristocratic women had previously worn to provide volume under their skirts – was replaced by the crinoline (Charles & Carl, 2010, 30).The crinoline augmented the size of the hips and changed shape to follow changing fashions in the desired feminine physique. In the early 18th century the shape of the crinoline was round, it then came oval and then ‘conical' (Charles & Carl, 2010, 30). By the mid 18th century they had become a ‘pannier' shape meaning ‘side hoops' or false hips' – a shape that was flat on front and back and extended on the wearer's left and right, giving her exceedingly wide hips (Cumming, Cunning & Cunning, 2010, 148). This is the shape we see in Pannier-Aligns illustration of Marie Antoinette in Figure 1 .In this illustration there are a number of elements of composition and execution that support the conclusion that the molding the Queen underwent were both expected and desirable at this time. There is t he artist's decision to place her in a standing position in which the full scale of her skirt can be realized, the addition of shading to its size. The enormity of the Queen's gown in relation to her head and the background of the portrait ensure that her curvaceous feminine shape instantly draws the viewer's eye.The artist's decision to contrast the rich, dark objects in the background with pale colors to illustrate her in the foreground again draws attention to this almost ethereal feminine form. One wonders how widely this image was distributed, given our knowledge of Marie Antoinette influence on fashion. Queen Marie Antoinette was known as the ‘Queen of Fashion' and her choices in clothing were closely documented, publicized and duplicated by women throughout the whole of Europe (Weber, 2007, 1).Her wardrobe has even provided inspiration for current designers such as Much Dulcet for her millennia collection at the Autumn/ Winter 2012/13 London Fashion Week and John Gillig an for his Spring 2010 Couture collection for Dior in Paris (Clarinda, 2012. Maida, 2010). The consequence of her choice to conform to the notion of molding her body, restricting and augmenting – wrought undergarments and fashion garments – to achieve the hourglass shape ensured this practice remained in fashion and in turn contributed to the social constructions of the feminine physical ideal.After the fall of the monarchy at the turn of the century this fashion of restricting and augmenting the body, molding it to achieve the ideal feminine' physique, persisted. The use of the waist- shrinking, bust- raising corset was continued into the nineteenth century, although steel boning began to be used instead of whalebone. By the mid sass, ‘cheap, mass-produced' corsets were developed and became a table of nearly every woman's wardrobe (Gag & Steele, 2005, 291).At this time, flexible sprung-steel rings suspended from cloth tapes' known as ‘Hopkins' were in fash ion and augmented the size of the wearer's hips (Gag & Steele, 2005, 317). The corset remained in fashion into the early twentieth century, when it had become a ‘straight front' corset that ‘pushed the pelvis back and the bosom forward,' forming the desired feminine physique at the time – the ‘S' silhouette (Gag & Steele, 2005, 293). The fashionable body in this period was augmented towards the back with use of a bustle skirt.In the sass, the fashionable female figure was ‘boyish and flat- cheated,' so the waist shrinking corset and wired underskirts became largely obsolete, but the practice of restriction remained in fashion as the breasts still had to be tightly bound, this time to conceal rather than enhance' (Smith, 1998, 5). In 1939, and then after World War II, Tallahatchie-Villas' image of ‘enhanced femininity with a tiny waist, ample bosom and large hips' returned to fashion again and brought with it the return of the corset and fuller sk irts (Tallahatchie-Villas, 2007, 36-37. Gag & Steele, 2005, 293).From the sass onwards the process of restriction and augmentation to achieve the desired feminine physique dictated by fashion at the time has continued. A review of more recent trends and products and fashion exemplars appears below. Currently there is no singular feminine' silhouette that is being dictated by fashion. In some areas of fashion media we are seeing the same boyish thinness as in the 2012). There are still some ‘corset enthusiasts' and elements of these undergarments such as boning and full skirts are still being used in many women's garments as well as in haute couture fashion.There is a myriad of other new garments encouraged by fashion for women to restrict, augment and mold their bodies into any desired shape. A few products currently on the market include the Wastepaper' – a tubular piece of Lascar worn to slim the waist and flatten the stomach; the ‘High-waist Long Leg Brief whic h is designed to provide ‘under-bust and tummy support, hip and thigh contouring, and a nice boost for your butt'; as well as ‘Padded Shaper Panties' which have two round foam pads to give you a ‘perfectly rounded derriere' and padded bras to increase bust size (Morgan, 2012).Compared to the days of corsets and crinolines, the variety of ways in which fashion encourages women to squeeze, expand and mold their bodies have grown. Figure 2 – Photograph of Lady Gaga at the 2009 MET Music awards. Photo courtesy of Getty Images, 2009 Lady Gaga, is Without question, the world's biggest pop star' and a current fashion icon (Robinson, 2010, 280). She famously morphs her body into the sexualities feminine hourglass shape with boning, padding and structured garments – often designed specifically for her by current avian garden fashion designers such asIn the above photograph (Figure 2) Lady Gaga is wearing a Jean Paul Guiltier padded and boned body suit, which d rastically shapes her figure into the curvaceous, hourglass silhouette of ‘enhanced femininity that Tallahatchie-Villas refers to (2007). The boning restricts the size of her waist while the underwear and padding on the cups over her breasts raise and shape the bust and the padding on her hips augment their size.Although this is an exaggerated example and would not be considered a ready- to- wear garment that women would be seen in on the street, Lady Saga's style choices are influential on how women choose to dress in mainstream culture. More than four hundred years after the first corsets and petticoats came into fashion, we see that the process of restricting and augmenting the female body to achieve a look considered to be feminine is still widespread.Through encouraging this practice and promoting a desired feminine physique that is difficult to attain naturally, fashion aids in the social construction of gender. An individual's choices about the clothes, make-up, accesso ries and styling that they adorn before venturing into public can communicate a lot about who they are. At the same time, the changeable and impermanent nature of these external applications means that no definite assumptions of a person's identity can be made and these variables can easily be manipulated by the individual, allowing them to become who they would like to be.An individual's unique interpretations of, and resistances to conventional fashions is known as ‘appearance style' and is a medium through which individuals can ‘announce' who they are or who they want to become (Gag & Steele, 2005, 34). There are some elements of appearance that we are accustomed to observing and processing almost immediately when we look at a person. For example when you see a stranger, it is highly likely that you will be able to tell if their gender is male or female almost instantly and their appearance style aids in this immediate recognition.When you observe the combination of t heir choice of hair cut, cosmetics, clothing, accessories, shoes and mannerisms; you can draw a conclusion about what gender that person is ‘announcing that they are. This shows that the individual has the power to manipulate these components of their appearance to communicate heir understanding of their personal gender identity. An example of how successfully appearance can provide an insight into gender identity and also how easily it can be manipulated can be seen through examining performances of Andre] Epic. Pelvic is biologically a man but models as both a male and a female.At his first fashion week – New York Fashion week Fall/Winter 2011/12 – he walked in five menswear shows and four womanlier shows and this number has since grown (Morris, 2011). Pelvic explains how he began to mold himself into the typically feminine aesthetic, creating an appearance style that would be read as male – he grew and dyed his hair, ‘started wearing skinny Jeansà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Shopping in the women's aisle and putting on make-up' (Morris, 2011). Pelvic was voted the ninety- eighth sexiest woman in the world in Fem.. ‘One Hundred Sexiest Women' list last year (Peck, 2011, 24). Figure 3 – Andre] Pelvic in ‘Hem' ad campaign.Photo courtesy of Hem from Hollywood Planet, 2011 wearing their ‘mega push up bra' underneath a close-fitted top and a figure hugging dress (Freeman- Greene, 2011). The bra is claimed to ‘add two cup sizes' to its wearer's bust, which it has achieved successfully with Epic's originally flat chest Quicker, 2011). His body has been manipulated so that his appearance style communicates his gender as female. His hair is long and blow-dried in a typically feminine style, he is wearing make-up and a necklace, his arms are void of hair and his body has been manipulated to augment the bust with padding.He attempts to channel the poses that female models often make by moving and looking at the camera in a flui d and dramatic' manner (Morris, 2011). The close up angle of the photos and the choice of shots where Pelvic is making direct eye contact with the camera enforces the believability of Epic's feminine appearance. The success of the communication of Epic's gender identity as female in this advertisement demonstrates the extent to which an individual can communicate who they are or would like to be through their appearance.As an audience we almost automatically assume Pelvic to be a ‘beautiful, Victorians Secret issue bombshell' (Abraham, 2011). This mutual communication and interpretation that can be achieved through manipulating the variables of appearance style allows for an individual's look to say much about who they are. Fashion aids in the social construction of gender through separating male and male fashion and promoting the stereotypical feminine figure.In numerous centuries past and continuing into the present, the practice of women using wire, steel, elastic and paddi ng to mould their bodies to the fashionable shape of the time has been common, even expected. We have examined how Queen Marie Antoinette encouraged this practice in the 18th Century by wearing a corset to nip her waist and enhance her bust as well as hoop pannier skirts to widen her hips. In the 21st Century it has been demonstrated that this body distortion is still common with pop con Lady Gaga wearing a boned and padded body suit that provides her with that feminine, hourglass shape.We then saw how this practice is so typically expected to be feminine that the biologically male model Andre] Pelvic can display his female gender identity by donning a padded bra. When examining these three examples, it becomes clear that the molding of the body into the feminine physical ideal through restriction and augmentation is communicative of the wearer's gender, whether intentional or projected by society, and provides an insight into who they are.