Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay

Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay Voltage solidness, one of the key parts of intensity framework dependability, has been the principle explanation behind a large number of significant force framework power outage occurrences in the course of the most recent couple of decades. It is recognized generally that voltage soundness is and will stay a test in the 21st century, even prone to increment in significance. Hence a superior comprehension of voltage steadiness in power frameworks is vital for power engineers, who may partake in the arranging, structuring, and activity of present day power frameworks. This report discusses an important building postulation venture: Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which is done for 2 semesters from July 2009 to June 2010. The point of this proposition venture is to direct a progressively far reaching concentrate into the hypothesis of static voltage security, and explore another methodology for power stream investigation: 3-measurement P-Q-V bend. As a matter of first importance, the essential information on static voltage solidness is looked into, and examination on a basic force framework, outspread framework, is done including power stream study, P-V and Q-V bend investigation. In light of the 2-measurement P-V and Q-V plotting, the relationship of P, Q, and V is contemplated and another strategy for static voltage strength examination is attempted: P-Q-V bend. The second piece of this undertaking centers around the examination of WSCC three-generator-nine-transport framework. Recreation of the framework is brought through by methods for UWPFLOW and POWERWORLD. Direct force stream technique and continuation power stream strategy are applied and the most vulnerable transport is contemplated. To wrap things up, bends are gotten and results are examined. Watchwords: Static Voltage Stability; Radial System; Power Flow Method; Continuation Power Flow Method; P-V Curve; Q-V Curve; P-Q-V Curve. Substance à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ«Å" à ¨Ã¢ ¦Ã¢  I Dynamic ii Substance iv Part 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Part 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY 8 Part 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM 11 Part 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 26 Part 5 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 41 Affirmations 43 Informative supplement A MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 3.8 44 Informative supplement B MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.2 46 Informative supplement C MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.3 47 Informative supplement D MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.4 48 Informative supplement E MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.5 49 Informative supplement F MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.6 50 Informative supplement G MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.7 51 Informative supplement H DATA OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 52 Part 1 INTRODUCTION An Overview of Modern Power System A force framework is a system of transmitters and gadgets which permits electrical vitality to be moved from the creating power stations to stack focuses through transmission arrange. Since the principal electric system in the United States was set up at the Pearl Street Station in New York City by Thomas Edison in 1882 [1], power frameworks have been encountering over 100 years advancement and improvement. These days, current force framework has created to be a complex interconnected system, which can be partitioned into four sections: Age Private and freely claimed generators produce the power that takes care of into high voltage frameworks. Transmission High voltage transmission networks transport power from producing units at different areas to dissemination frameworks which at last gracefully the heap. Conveyance Conveyance frameworks convey the force from neighborhood mass flexibly focuses to the shoppers administration entrance types of gear. Burdens Heaps of intensity frameworks are made out of mechanical, business, and private burden. Figure 1.1 Modern Power System [2] Force System Stability A force framework is supposed to be steady on the off chance that it has the property that it holds a condition of harmony under ordinary working conditions and recovers a satisfactory condition of balance in the wake of being exposed to an aggravation. Of all the perplexing marvels on power framework, power framework steadiness is the most unpredictable to comprehend and testing to investigate [3]. Harm to control framework security may make the framework power outage or breakdown just as other calamitous episodes, prompting huge social and financial misfortunes. Arrangement of Power System Stability In light of the frameworks various properties, organize structures and activity modes, the framework insecurity can carry on from multiple points of view. Likewise power framework soundness study is separated for the most part into three fields: edge security, recurrence solidness and voltage strength. The graph underneath shows outwardly the order of intensity framework solidness. Figure 1.2 Classification of Power System Stability History of Study on Power System Stability At first, precise solidness was right off the bat focused on and concentrated since power transmission ability had generally been constrained by either rotor edge (coordinated) strength or by warm stacking capacity. What's more, the power outage issues had been related with transient steadiness, which were lessened by quick short out clearing, ground-breaking excitation frameworks and differs extraordinary solidness controls [3]. At the end of the day, these days the hypothesis and strategies on rakish dependability are moderately increasingly complete. In the interim, concentrate on voltage security had been very moderate, which for the most part ascribed to two reasons: Occurrences brought about by voltage unsteadiness or voltage breakdown happened moderately late, not until which peopled focused on voltage shakiness issues. Comprehension of voltage precariousness was not all that significant as different sorts of unsteadiness issues in the good 'ol days. Changes of issues emerged during the examination on voltage strength, for example, load-based demonstrating, dynamic practices of various parts just as their connection, etc. Review of Power System Voltage Stability Voltage Instability Incidents in the World Force framework voltage soundness was right off the bat presented in 1940s, however neglected to draw people groups consideration until 1970s, since which voltage shakiness and breakdown had brought about a few significant framework disappointments or power outages all through the world, as recorded underneath [4, 5, 22]: August 22, 1970, Japan, 30 minutes; September 22, 1970, New York, a few hours; September 22, 1977, Jacksonville, Florida, few moments; December 19, 1978, France, 26 minutes; August 4, 1982, Northern Belgium, 4.5 minutes; September 2, November 26, December 28 30, 1982, Florida, 1-3 minutes; May 21, 1983, Northern California, 2 minutes; December 27, 1983, Sweden, 55 seconds; June 11, 1984, Northeastern USA, a few hours; May 17, 1985, South Florida, 4 seconds; April 1986, Winnipeg, Canada Nelson River HVDC joins, 1 second; May 20, 1986, England, 5 minutes; November 1986, SE Brazil, Paraguay, 2 seconds; January 12, 1987, Western France, 6-7 minutes; July 20, 1987, Illinoisand India, a few hours; July 23, 1987, Tokyo Japan, 20 minutes; August 22, 1987, Western Tennessee, 10 seconds; July 2, 1996, Western System Coordination Council (WSCC), Northern USA; August 1996, Malaysia; August 14, 2003, USA Canada; September 28, 2003, Italy. Progress of Study on Voltage Stability The enormous quantities of overall voltage breakdown occurrences caused it to turn into the focal point of universes regard for study voltage strength of intensity framework. During the 1982s investigating rundown of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in USA, voltage strength was considered as the most huge issue. Throughout the most recent thirty years, and particularly over about the most recent twenty years, utility architects, specialists, and college analysts have seriously contemplated voltage steadiness. Several specialized papers have come about, alongside gatherings, conferences, and courses. Utilities have created handy investigation strategies, and are presently arranging and working force frameworks to forestall voltage flimsiness for valid unsettling influences [6]. Significance of Voltage Stability in Future In a not so distant, the worldwide quickly developing force utilization will require progressively concentrated utilization of accessible transmission offices, which implies an activity of intensity frameworks closer to their voltage solidness limits. The expanded utilization of existing transmission is made conceivable, to some extent, by receptive force pay [6]. Without a doubt, voltage security is and will stay a test in the 21st century, even liable to increment in significance. Along these lines a superior comprehension of voltage solidness in power frameworks is important for power engineers, who may take an interest in the arranging, structuring, and activity of current force frameworks. Theme Definition and Scope The subject of this venture is Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which for the most part centers around the accompanying: Diagram of the marvels of static voltage soundness; Investigation related with the marvels; Reasons why voltage breakdown occurs; Measures to improve static voltage strength. With regards to limitations on the reproduction, a three-generator-nine-transport case is utilized all through the entire venture while an ordinary two-transport (one-generator-one-load) case is utilized for the P-Q-V bend examination. Points and Objectives The fundamental target of this venture is to get a more extensive and more profound comprehension of static voltage steadiness in power frameworks, which can be decreased into sub-goals: To lead an increasingly extensive investigation into the hypothesis of static voltage solidness; To search for reasons why voltage breakdown occurs; To research another methodology for power stream examination: 3-measurement P-Q-V plotting; To propose appropriate proportions of improving static voltage dependability in power frameworks; To close age bearing and burden course for the examined power framework. Part 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY Fundamental Concepts of Voltage Stability IEEE Definitions IEEE [7] gave a proper meaning of voltage soundness and relative ideas as given underneath: Voltage Stability: Voltage dependability is the capacity of a framework to keep up voltage with the goal that when load permission is expanded, loa

Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education. Answer: Introdiuction: Panopticism is alluded as the social or hypothetical system which is named after Panopticon. The hypothesis was set up by French logician named Michel Foucault (Schaltegger Burritt, 2017). Panoticon gives clarification to the conditional research facility related with the power that can be changed or altered as the image of reconnaissance. It is commonly considered as the apparatus of disciplinary device for observation. For example, the case of Pannotion has expanded reconnaissance impact on the observation in the time of innovation and it is seen that observation have the intrigue of culture. The improvement in the perceptible information is given in the association and the people from the information mining devices (Lanen, 2016). This has brought about the improvement of reconnaissance of information that can address the method of observation that helps in calling attention to the removed exchange source by thinking about the algorithmic assembling. In the present part of the executives bookkeeping, Panopticism helps during the time spent administration bookkeeping as it helps in saving a record for each single exchange alongside the fundamental figures (Eldenburg et al., 2016). In this manner, Panopticism helsp in making sense of the mix-ups and blunders and suitable strides for amendment so as to ensure that the bookkeeping strategy stays valid. The elements of the executives bookkeeping are as per the following; Arranging: Planning as the elements of the executives bookkeeping alludes to the present moment and long haul utilization of plans to accomplish the ideal result. The elements of the executives bookkeeping is firmly connected with the arranging procedure (Ingersoll, 2015). This is on the grounds that it furnishes supervisors with the necessary data for dynamic and giving reports that gauge the effects of elective course of activities. Sorting out: Once the way toward getting sorted out is set up a hierarchical system and giving the obligations to individuals that are working in the association to accomplish the business objectives and items (Jones et al., 2017). The type of authoritative structures contrasts one business to another business. In this way, arranging requires clearness with respect to every director responsibility and authority lines. Dynamic: Decision making is considered as the methodology of choosing from the contradicting substitutes. Dynamic is acquired in the elements of the executives bookkeeping, for example, arranging, sorting out and controlling. The chief can't design without settling on choice and has the select from the contending goals and techniques for doing the chose targets. As expressed by (Dixon et al., 2018) keeping up routine and have become exceptionally mind boggling component in the present world since people are unavoidable to botches in the contemporary words. According to the Van Helen Rock Band agenda is essential apparatus of executing control. Agenda are useful in the usage and arrangement of control. As indicated by the musical crew, it is viewed as that Checklist is a significant instrument of executing control since this guarantees each individual that are occupied with the activity is better ready to comprehend the objectives and agreeing to the important methodology. As expressed by the musical gang they gain by utilizing agenda since check list as indicated by musical crew is profoundly viewed as exceptionally versatile. With the assistance of agenda, the musical crew is better ready to deal with the consistency of flexibly, inventories and they are commonly considered as the efficient component by including the required records in the midst of different things (Weygandt et al., 2015). Under this conditions agendas helps in keeping up fundamental records as well as required for essential achievement. The arrangement of interminable stock consistently refreshes the records for the little associations when it utilizes the crude materials or offers the items to the shoppers (Warren et al., 2015). Associations that utilizes the never-ending arrangement of stock must apply the arrangement of physical include of stock in to the everyday associations stock and think about the amount against the records of stock. The physical stock take in this framework would go about as the apparatus for researching in the inconsistencies of the stock record so as to decide the purposes behind ill-advised amounts. Extra time alludes to the expanded compensation for every hour which an hourly laborer is qualified for get when they put in more than the endorsed hour work every day or week (Handy Polimeni, 2017). The extra time installment that is paid to the specialist is considered as into the circuitous work cost and the equivalent is accounted into the overhead expenses. Costing alludes to the arrangement of bookkeeping where all the costs that are supported in executing the movement or accomplishing the goal are gathered, classified and checked. The rise of 1980 period purchased a concentrated rivalry over the world with expanded significance of over-burdens with the decrease in the immediate work (Greenberg Wilner, 2015). Likewise there was issues which was being confronted with the conventional arrangement of costing. The action based is considered as the exact and preferred over the conventional cost bookkeeping framework. The ABC techniques for cost framework is made when the costs of the business are higher and there are a few blended merchandise. Inaccuracy and slip-ups are viewed as unwanted because of the rates that is set by the market members. For the explanation that substantial and firm competition, an enormously reliable and right arrangement of cost the board is required. The conventional technique for cost bookkeeping utilizes the single overhead pool and it can't process the real expenses. The costs objects are allocated discretionarily the premise of machine hours and work (Edmonds et al., 2016). Then again, the ABC arrangement of costing incorporates the distinguishing proof of items parts or the work while the conventional cost bookkeeping subjectively amasses the costs, compensations and devaluation. The focused on costs which is made upon the exercises are registered through ABC costing. The ABC framework is viewed as gainful in light of the fact that it helps in smoothing out the course of dynamic and portrays the idea of organization turns as target arranged. The movement based costing technique helps in evaluating the exhibition and setting out the measures that help the directors to utilize the data with the end goal of relative investigation. Under the conventional costing frameworks, the business chooses the expense of creations following the creation of spending plans while under the ABC costing the estimation of the item is discovered dependent on the input of customer. The structure of movement based costing helps in deciding the organization whether to decrease or increment the action expenses to catch the eye of clients (Scott, 2015). The arrangement of cost helps in staying aware of the market members without doing without the amount and predominance of the items. The action based costing enables the organization in creating methodology, to long range plans and upper hand by setting center around the exercises. ABC arrangement of costing utilizes the cost distinguishing proof items which is chosen alongside the immediate costs that are related with the items. Regardless of the advantages there are sure contentions against the ABC costing framework in the cost assignment zones (Edmonds et al., 2016). With the accessibility of information there are a few costs that expects allotment to office and item assignment. This prompts event of costs that may not be now and again be respected conceivable. It tends to be expressed that customary costing framework isn't exact as the ABC framework. Conventional costing framework may likewise prompt considerable under valuation and over valuation. Absolute Cost of S1 Department (x) = Direct Center Cost of S1 + [20% * Total Cost of S2 (y) ] =, x = $20000 + (20% X y) b) Total Cost of S2 Department (y) = Direct Center Cost of S2 + [ 15% * Total Cost of S1 (x)] =, y = $25000 + (15% x) =, y= $25000 + [15% x ($20000 + 20%y)] =, y= $25000 + $3000 + 3%y =, y-0.03y = $28000 =, 0.97y = $28000 =, y = $28000/0.97 = $28868 x = $20000 + 20%y =, x = $20000 + (20% x $28868) =. x = $20000 + $5773 = $25773 Reference List: Dixon, G. D., Taylor, A. D., Utting Jr, R. W., Eaton, J. L., Im, S. L. (2018).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/541,283. Edmonds, T. P., Edmonds, C. D., Tsay, B. Y., Olds, P. R. (2016).Fundamental administrative bookkeeping ideas. McGraw-Hill Education. Eldenburg, L. G., Wolcott, S. K., Chen, L. H., Cook, G. (2016).Cost administration: Measuring, checking, and rousing execution. Wiley Global Education. Greenberg, R. K., Wilner, N. A. (2015). Utilizing idea maps to give an integrative structure to showing the expense or administrative bookkeeping course.Journal of Accounting Education,33(1), 16-35. Convenient, S. A., Polimeni, R. S. (2017). Idea Mapping-A Graphical Tool to Enhance Learning in an Introductory Cost or Managerial Accounting Course.Journal of the Academy of Business Education,18. Ingersoll, K. (2015). Stock administration for the drug store technician.Educational Review Systems. Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Jones, M. A., Taylor, R. J., Snelgrove, R., Tripathi, R. (2017).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/313,870. Lanen, W. (2016).Fundamentals of cost bookkeeping. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2017).Contemporary natural bookkeeping: issues, ideas and practice. Routledge. Scott, W. R. (2015).Financial bookkeeping theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M., Duchac, J. (2015).Managerial bookkeeping. Nelson Education. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial administrative bookkeeping. John Wiley Sons.

The Latest News . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Latest News . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I want to provide a quick update on a few things based on my work in the office the past few days.   I have been doing a bit of everything related to processing applications.   Here are a few personal notes on some of the tasks, under the theme, “I am always amazed . . . “ . . . at how dry my hands get when opening mail (and we get a lot). . . . at how extremely hot printer parts get.   Note to self:   When you are printing thousands of application documents and there is a paper jam, do not just randomly grab metal parts . . . touch them first to determine if they are white hot. . . . at how quickly our email in box fills up.   We get it close to zero, step away for a few minutes, and upon returning it is once again filled with messages. . . . at how many countries and schools are represented in our applicant pool each year.   Last year we received transcripts from close to 900 different colleges and universities from over 100 countries. Now to some information that really is important to you. First, I cannot emphasize enough that it is not important for an application to be marked as complete in our system the day after the deadline.   What is extremely important is that all of the required information is received in our office or uploaded to the server by the deadline.   Thus, it is completely normal for an application record to remain incomplete for two to three weeks after the deadline.   We have several thousand printed documents and mail to get through and Admission Committee meetings do not start until late January. Please do not let the fact that it will take us time to match and track everything concern you.   The date an application is completed in our office has no bearing upon an admission decision.  When your file has been forwarded to the Committee, you will receive an email from our office. Second, please remember that when you submit Part 2, transcripts and test scores are not automatically marked as received.   The personal statement and résumés are tracked as received immediately because we rarely have problems with the submission of these documents.   But as far as the transcripts and test scores, we need to make sure that the correct information is entered and legible.    Thus we will perform a manual check and then code them into the system as appropriate. Third, as much as we would like to respond to individual requests concerning the receipt of documents, this does not allow us to work efficiently and quickly.   Each person in the office has a job and we are set up as a sort of assembly line.   If one person in the system tries to go around the process and look for a specific document, it slows the process down and complicates matters. As much as I can understand emailing or calling to ask for the status of a specific document, we would much rather you wait to hear from us. I know the stress that accompanies admission deadlines.   As someone with a graduate degree I have been through the process as an applicant, and as an administrator I have been through close to fifteen years of deadlines.   We strive to provide the best service possible and by far the best thing you can do is follow this blog for updates on the process.   Rest assured that if we encounter a situation where a document is missing, we will work with applicants if we believe a good faith effort was made to supply the necessary document by our deadline date.   There is no need to send a document a second time to us unless we reach out to you first (we will do so by email if necessary). Thank you again for your attention . . . it is now time for me to find some hand lotion . . .

The Ever Growing Cosmetic Industry - 991 Words

According to an online article ‘12 Surprising Statistics About the Beauty Industry’ by Style Caster, one in three women admit to never leave the house without any makeup on (Irvine, 2013) This shows that the cosmetic industry caters to a large market of consumers who are willing to spend a major chunk of their income on self-adornment products and services. A report generated by YWCA USA (2008) indicated that a total of $7 billion is spent per year on cosmetics, which is 0.5% of the country’s total GDP. This essay aims to determine whether the ever growing cosmetic industry is affecting individuals in a positive or a negative manner physically and psychologically by studying various sources of information such as books, articles, reports and websites keeping a feminist’s approach towards the topic. Self-Adornment is not a recent practice. It dates all the way back to approximately 10 thousand years BCE with ancient Egyptians discovering healing properties in scented oils and gradually expanding into different cosmetic sectors then onwards. (Cosmetics info, 2015) Eventually, other counties adapted the adornment techniques from one another and had their own laws, trends and ideas of beauty in the course of time. As Ribeiro rightly stated â€Å"Beauty is an evanescent quality, always changing and often impossible to define† (2011: 13) The idea of ideal beauty is ever evolving. For example, in the 17th century a curvy and voluptuous body was considered to be ideal ( Ribeiro, 2011)Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of School Violence On South Korea1308 Words   |  6 Pagesimage-conscious and competitive nation. It is so much so that getting one’s foot in the door in love and career greatly depends on how attractive one looks. In order to enhance their social competitiveness, more and more young people have decided to undergo cosmetic surgery. First, in the middle and high school stages, there are many incidents of school violence that have occurred because of someone’s appearance. Students who look ugly will be more likely targets of ridicule. A study analyzing the reasons ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Porter s Five Forces Analysis1351 Words   |  6 Pageslonger a phrase of the past, thanks to the cosmetic surgery industry. Injectables such as Botulinum toxin, (aka Botox), Collagen, and Hyaluronic acid are credited with keeping faces wrinkle-free. More invasive procedures, such as Breast Implantation, nose surgery, and the ever popular tummy-tuck, offer enhancements to those body parts the individual is dis-satisfied with (Grundy, 2006). Because of the seemingly instant gratification, the cosmetic surgery industry has witnessed a drastic increase overRead MoreThe Dangers Of Testing Cosmetic Products On Animals1496 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Many of the largest brands in beauty s billion dollar industry are still continuing to test products on animals. Based on prior knowledge, there are various companies that do not test on animals. While there are big brand companies that continue to test on animals, like mice and rabbits. The purpose of this research is to examine the dangers of testing cosmetic products on animals, along with examining possible effective and safe ways to test products. Gathering information through qualitativeRead MoreReserch Essay on Esthetics977 Words   |  4 PagesEsthetician Research Essay My research essay is based on esthetics and what I have researched about this career in the esthetics industry. The job outlook for estheticians and skin care specialists is very good. The BLS states that job outlook projections through the year 2014 for esthetcians is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. There are so many different job opportunities for both veteran and newly licensed estheticians. Salons and spas are a great place to startRead MoreThe Cosmetics Industry Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The cosmetics industry has developed at a steady pace over the past decade growing by â€Å"3.8%, from â‚ ¬127 billion in 2005 to hit a total worth of â‚ ¬181 billion in 2014.† (Consultancy.uk, 2015). Since benefit was founded in 1976 by twin’s jean and Jane ford, it has grown to become a household name. Benefit faces competition from larger brands such as MAC Cosmetics, L’Orà ©al and Urban Decay amongst other major brands; benefit is at times overshadowed due to its not always publicised advertisementsRead MoreThe Cosmetic Surgery Industry Is No Different1736 Words   |  7 PagesIn modern America, media dictates opinions of society from the types of clothing worn to the political candidates supported; the cosmetic surgery industry is no different. With popular television shows Extreme Makeover, the general public is inundated with images promoting the use of cosmetic surgery to achieve the societal view of what is beautiful. The stereotypical definition of beauty is vast, but has several common factors, such as: full lips, large breasts, small waists, and curvy hips. ForRead MoreProposal of Marianila Hair Products1370 Words   |  6 PagesEmail: mariakatra@hotmail.com Semester registered for senior project: Fall 2011-2012 Date of modified Submission of proposal: 13/10/2011, Date of approval: 1. Title: MariaNila hair cosmetics by LaPerle 2. Objectives of the project: The objective of this project is to: a. Due to its growing popularity in the Scandinavian countries LaPerle is looking to expand globally. Paul Katra is the sole agent in Lebanon since he already works with this brand in the field of hair straighteningRead MoreThe Egyptian Women And Women1166 Words   |  5 Pageson the Egyptian women began using natural resources for other uses. â€Å"Egyptian women apply galena mesdemet (made of copper and lead ore) and malachite (bright green paste of copper minerals) to their faces for color and definition† (A History of Cosmetics from Ancient Times). The use of the natural resources in this way started what we know of today as makeup. The idea of makeup as the use of making someone’s face appear more attractive became very popular from spreading from the Egyptians to theRead MoreMarket Size and Beauty Health Service1434 Words   |  6 PagesMarket size of beauty and healthcare industry means the total dollar amount of potential sales to all customers within this industry. The number of buyers and sellers in this particular market is especially important for companies that wish to launch a new product or service, since small markets are less likely to be able to support a high volume of goods. Large markets could bring in more competition. The Singaporean market for health and beauty products is growing phenomenally in recent years. ARead MoreThe History of Cosmetics and the Trends in the Fashion Industry1115 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper will discuss some of the history of cosmetics and new trends and types of cosmetics in the fashion industry and different types of hair extensions. Would you ever guess that film makeup started back when there was black and white movies? One type of cosmetic in the fashion industry would be eyelash extensions, or fake eyelashes. Eyelash extensions have been around since 1916 , but recently have become a trend. The first fake eyelashes were made of human hair and were made for

is lottery a good idea Essay - 1781 Words

Is Lottery a Good Idea? Lottery is one of the best things that has ever happened to human kind especially those that dream high and but their dreams don’t come to life because they don’t have what it takes to make it happen. Lotteries are in various categories such as sweep stakes, scratch off, the Jackpot and even the green card lottery. The lottery that is being focused in this argument is the jackpot one. When individuals or people in general buy the lottery ticket their hopes are high, and they anxiously await with anticipation hoping to win. If they don’t win, they never give up, for they know that there is always next time and they keep playing. Some people urge that playing lottery is a bad idea because people end up getting†¦show more content†¦The history of lottery started long time ago in the early history of America. The online gov. info library states that â€Å"Lotteries were frequently used in colonial-era America to finance public works projects such as paving streets, constructing wharves, even building churches. In the 18th century, lotteries were used to finance construction of buildings at Harvard and Yale.† This shows that lottery has been around for a long time. Today, most states have adopted lottery system especially the computerized ones like mega millions and Powerball due to the world advancing technologically. This is so because these states have seen the growth of income that come from lotto. Each state has rules and time frames in which a prize can be claimed. Some states allows people to be anonymous like Ohio while others don’t have that option. For example, in Indiana winners have 90 days before they claim their prize and their identity is revealed. In cases where the winning ticket isn’t claimed, the state will get back all the money that it contributed to the unclaimed jackpot. The money is distributed according to state rules. Even if the winner comes forward, every state that participates in lottery selling benefits from it. The state imposes both federal and state taxes on the winner. Winners have a choice to take a pay out as a lump sum or as an annuity. If the payment is lump sum, taxes are paid out at once and annually if the prize is taken as an annuity. TheseShow MoreRelatedIs Lottery a Good Idea1189 Words   |  5 PagesIs a Gambling a Good Idea? Definition of Gambling Merriam-Webster’s Learners Dictionary defined gambling as â€Å"playing a game in which you can win or lose money or possessions† (Merriam). Origin of gambling in the United States The first lottery was held in the America by the Virginia Company with the permission of the Crown to raise money to finance the establishment of the Colony in 1612. The lotteries were relatively sophisticated and included instant winners. All the original 13 raised revenueRead MoreAdhering to The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1038 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Adhering to Lottery† In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson writes about the game lottery, which makes the story very ironic. Unlike all of the other Lottery games, in this traditional version no one wants to be chosen, because that brings them the end of their life. Jackson explains how keeping up with some traditions that are part of people’s life, may not be the best choice to embrace a particular culture. Jackson uses the Lottery as an example to express her idea about the ethical issues such as;Read MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthe use of object, name, or person to represent an idea. If a name is being use, a name such as autumn can represent the adulthood of a human. Creatures such as an Eagle, represents ‘Freedom’ and ‘America’. Even inanimate objects can represent ideas; the light bulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyone was present, the heads ofRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson portrays a small town trapped in a futile tradition due to superstitious beliefs bringing upon more evil than prosperity. The small town of people are caught following a tradition blindly or to frighten to change their ways leading to serious consequence. some however, do question the lottery but are quickly shut up by old man Warner with the belief that the tradition of the lottery brings a good harvest of corn to the community. As the community continues to followRead MoreThe Lottery : Dissecting Sociological Horrors Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pages The Lottery: Dissecting Sociological Horrors When you hear the word â€Å"lottery†, what do you think? In Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, readers are presented with an ironic, dramatic, bleak tale about a small village gathering for not exactly what one would call a lottery. Born in San Francisco, California in 1916, Jackson spent much of her early life writing poetry and journal entries. After enrolling in the University of Rochester, she eventually withdrew to pursue her dreams of becoming a writerRead MoreLottery Is Good or Not1635 Words   |  7 PagesIs lottery a good idea? These days, a lot of people play lottery and spend a certain amount of money on it while few of them earn back what they spend. Someone says lottery is a kind of tax collected by the government on peoples’ luck and desire to be rich. In another aspect, lottery is also gambling, and it could make people to be a millionaire in a night if the person is lucky enough, however, it has a negative effect that it causes inequality, crimes and so on. So lottery is not a positive ideaRead MoreAnalysis of Against the Odds and Against the Common Good1735 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst the Common Good. States should neither allow nor encourage state-run lotteries. There are five major arguments that people use to defend lotteries. One is that most lotteries are run honestly, but if gambling is harmful to society it is irrelevant to argue if they are honest or not. The second is that lotteries create jobs, but there are only a small handful of jobs that would be eliminated if lotteries were p ut out of business. Another argument that would support keeping lotteries is that, otherRead MoreTradition Stays Put in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1053 Words   |  4 PagesTradition Stays Put Easily regarded as one of America’s most beloved short stories, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, leaves readers with excitement and perhaps a small sense of doubt. Doubt could be an aspect of the reader’s mind due to the gory fact of the cultural tradition in the small farming town of the story. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays the theme of unwavering ritualistic tradition and symbolism. This means the village is unable to move past their tradition while symbolismRead More Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Effective Use of Character Names1080 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Use of Character Names in The Lottery   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The common curse of mankind, --folly and ignorance† (Shakespeare).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were he alive, William Shakespeare might fully endorse Shirley Jackson’s ideas as presented in The Lottery.   The author, Jackson, very distinctly uses symbolic names for her characters to show the ignorance of the sacrificial lottery, which the small village holds year after year.   These sacrifices, which used to be held to appease the god of harvest, have grown meaninglessRead MoreReligious and Traditional Symbols in the Lottery1491 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers. Religious traditions are usually passed on from parent to child at an early age. In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson reveals the tradition of the lottery and how all of the villagers conform to the ritual of a human sacrifice. Growing up with an exceptionally religious father I can relate to way of thinking of the villagers that traditions are accepted without questioning. In The lottery, the children were stuffing their pockets with stones before all of the parents had arrived

Farm Tools Free Essays

Agriculture has been in the limelight for several decades, it started in different countries across the globe each country in their own time. However, agriculture could not have been achieved without the use of farm tools and machinery. This farm equipment makes it easy for farm activities to be undertaken with an ease. We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Tools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the introduction of this equipment, agriculture was difficult and it was only done in small scale. Therefore, the agricultural produce which was produced as a result was only used for consumption purposes. However, with this machinery, there is a large production which is able to sustain consumption and also used for commercial purposes. The world depends largely on agricultural production therefore, farm tools should be embraced across the globe. First, combine harvester is one of the farm tools and it is one of the machines which combine several activities such as harvesting and threshing among others. This equipment was introduced in the year 1935 but it was first used for commercial purpose in the year 1939 (Kataoka). As the word combine suggests, combine harvester is used for several activities such as reaping. The second activity is threshing after the crops have been cut and collected the next activating is to separate the grain from corn. The other activity done by the combine harvester is grain separation, this activity is whereby the grain is separated from the husks. The last activity is cleaning whereby the grain is cleaned by blowing the chaff away. Second, the other farm tool is a mower, this tool is used for cutting grass. The tool is also known as a lawnmower. According to Kataoka, there are the different model of lawn mowers such as solar-powered lawn mower and this type is environmentally friendly. The other model of lawn mower is the automatic lawn mower, this type automatically detects the area of grass to be mowed and the height of grass as required. The other model is gas powered lawn mower and this model is not environmentally friendly since it emits gas into the environment. Lawnmowers are classified based on different factors such as the axis of rotation of the blades. For example, rotary lawn mower in which its axis is vertical and reel lawn mower in which its axis is horizontal. Third, a plough is another farm tool and it is used to till the land so as to aerate the soil for planting purposes. There are different types of ploughs depending on the function they perform. For example, furrow reversible plough which is useful in dry trashy stumpy and hard land condition. The tool is mounted directly on a tractor and it is hydraulically operated. It has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back to back whereby one rotates to the right and the other one to the left. The other type is the furrow press which is mounted behind the tractor. Chisel plough is the other type and this type is important in obtaining deep tillage with limited soil disruption. This type is used to reduce the impact of compaction and hardpan (Kataoka). Fourth, the harrow is another type of farm tool also known as a set of harrows. It is mostly used after ploughing has been done so as to break up the lumps and to achieve fine soil. This tool is mostly used when planting small size seeds like wheat, millet among others. It may also be used to remove weeds and cover seeds after planting (Kataoka). There are several types of harrows and they include power harrow in which the power from the tractor is used to drive the cultivators. The used set of harrows may be ineffective for the land since it makes fine soil, therefore, in case of heavy rains the soil may be washed away. Fifth, the other type of farm tools is the rotary tiller. As the name implies, this tool is used by rotating the tines and blades so as to cultivate the land. It is also known as a rototiller, rotary hoe, power tiller, rotary plough or rotavator. It is mounted on a tractor and it is operated by the power from the tractor. The rotary tiller can also be used by means of propelling itself. This equipment is also used after the plough has been used and the need for it is to break up the soil. It is mostly used in the gardens when planting vegetables and other crops. Sixth, the other tool is a broadcast seeder which is used to plant seeds in the farm. Has the name suggests this tool is used to plant seeds randomly in the farm. This activity is done by spreading the seeds without following a systematic way such as planting the seeds in a line. It can also be used to spread fertilizers commonly known as fertilizer spreader. The tool is also known as a broadcast spreader. The tool is mounted on a tractor normally a garden tractor so as to perform this act of sowing seeds or spreading fertilizers or lime. The small size of the broadcast spreader is handheld with a hopper while the slightly bigger ones are pushed with the spinning disk powered by gearing to the wheel. Seventh, the other tool equipment is seed drill, this tool is used for planting purposes. As opposed to broadcast seeder or broadcast spreader which spreads the seeds randomly, this tool plants seeds evenly and in systematic lines. The rows of these lines are easily controlled so as to achieve an even plantation. The depth of planting seeds is also even with the use of this machine. After the machine has sown the seeds it then covers them, therefore, protecting the seeds from the birds unlike in the case where they are randomly spread and the birds can easily pick them. The tool also saves time since it does all the work of sowing and covering unlike where the seeds are sown by randomly spreading then covered by using human labour (Kataoka). Eighth, the other tool is Centre irrigation and it is used for irrigation. The term irrigation is the application of water artificially to the soil in places where there is minimal rain or in the places with no rain at all. This tool is important in crop production because lands which could have been desolate due to lack of rain are converted into productive lands. This tool is also used to suppress weeds in the farm. Irrigation is also used to prevent soil consolidation, this is the process of changing the volume of the soil by preventing pressure. From the name Centre irrigation, it means that this tool is fixed in the farm therefore, water will be regulated as required by opening and closing when necessary. Ninth, hay tedder is another type of farm tools, this tool is used in haymaking. This tool came into use in the second half of the nineteenth century. After crops like wheat, rice, millet and other crops have been harvested the straws are left in the farm. These straws are useful in making hay for feeding livestock. Therefore, this tool is used in the process of making hay. It also uses moving forks so as to turn the hay and also to scatter the hay. The reason for this activity is to speed up the drying of hay by aerating them. This process also improves the colour and the aroma of hay. This tool is very important in speeding up of haymaking (Kataoka). Tenth, the sickle is another farm tool and it is used for cutting grass, hay among others. This tool is among the smallest farm tools and it is handheld as opposed to other tools which might be mounted on a tractor. This tool is also known as a reaping hook or a bagging hook. It came into existence in the Iron Age and since then it has evolved so much. It started with iron the latter it was made of steel. According to Kataoka, there are many types of sickle which include smooth and serrated blades. Both of these types are used either to cut grass or to harvest mature cereals such as wheat and millet. Causes and Effects of Agriculture in Ancient Egypt To start with, Egypt is known to be a dry land and agricultural practices require some amount of rainfall thus, there are causes and effects which came as a result of agriculture. Some of the causes which led to agriculture in Egypt is the fact that it is a dry region therefore, they used river Nile’s water for irrigation. With the irrigation system such as basin irrigation, agriculture in Egypt was birthed and therefore, there are effects which resulted from it. Some of these effects include increased productivity, productivity was increased as a result of agriculture through irrigation. The other effect is the reduction of poverty, due to agricultural productivity poverty was dealt with. Another effect of agriculture in Egypt was the creation of employment (Lewis). The significance of Pyramid in Ancient Egypt Egypt is well known for pyramids, these pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. These pyramids were built in different shapes and sizes and they were about eight in number. One of them was built for Pharaoh Khufu and it was known as the great pyramid. Some of these pyramids are among the most magnificent man-made structures in history. These pyramids have a tremendous significant such as economic prosperity and stability. The pyramids had significant uses as far as the well-being of the king was concerned. The reason is, they were used to keep the king’s majesty intact even after his death. Egyptians did this activity because they believed that when the king died his spirit remained with his body thus, they were taking care of his spirit (Bà ¡rta). In conclusion, there are many farm tools and they are used for different purposes. These tools include plough which is used in cultivating the land. The other tool is a mower also known as a lawn mower which is used to cut grass. The other tool is broadcast seeder which is used to plant seed by broadcasting. It can also be used for fertilizer breading. The next tool is the seed drill which is used to plant seeds evenly and in the same depth. The other tool is Centre irrigation which is used to irrigate crops in dry areas and when there is an insufficient amount of rainfall. The other aspect is the causes and effects of agriculture in Egypt and it was caused by drought, therefore, using water from the river Nile for irrigation. Work cited Bà ¡rta, Miroslav. â€Å"Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt.† Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 15, Sept. 2005, pp. 177–91. Research Gate, doi: 10.1017/S0959774305000090. Kataoka, Takashi. Agricultural Machinery Technology. Sept. 2018. Lewis, Lowell N. EGYPT’S FUTURE DEPENDS ON. p. 360. How to cite Farm Tools, Papers

Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic free essay sample

The Veterans Administration (VA) should constantly be monitoring the current healthcare environment for trends and new treatment methods for post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). By monitoring the current trends treatment the VA is able to modify, change or continue the current treatment methods being used on past and current veterans. These trends allow the organization to scan for external environmental data to assist in treatment plans and recovery methods for veterans. This monitoring would confirm or disprove the possibility of various trend directions. These trends could be placed in various categories of economic, social/demographic and technological (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Current outpatient treatment of PTSD by the VA has to be modified to treat a younger population of soldier and the VA has to monitor current trends in healthcare used by the private sector. The treatment methods have to be adjusted to not only treat PTSD but injuries as a result of combat. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dual-use by a more technologically educated group of veterans makes monitoring by the VA a must in treatment. Also patients are choosing to use the VA for care due to the costs associated with receiving care from a private provider (Simpson, 2006). This would prevent VA patients from seeking emergency room care therefore adding to the ever increasing healthcare costs. Another area that requires an environmental analysis is providing care to the many diverse groups of veterans. The military is becoming one of the most diverse employers and the VA must explore various ways of getting more of these groups to seek care through the VA. Within the VA’s strategic vision and mission it addresses providing care to all veterans while demonstrating the value of VA care to the nation. (Fine, Demakis, 2003). An environmental analysis could provide useful data on trends in economic changes which address costs, demographic changes as well as competitive changes in healthcare. Although the Affordable Care Act does not affect veteran care, the stewardship of the VA healthcare system should be monitored for costs. The risks of not monitoring costs of care are budget cuts, poor technology and management of the veteran healthcare system. Although the budget is funded by the government, financial cuts do occur depending on the political party in office. These stakeholders want to see that there is a valid return on investment in the veteran healthcare system while providing quality care (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Rural healthcare requires an analysis of environment to determine the factors that affect healthcare delivery to veterans. This analysis could address what types of changes would affect healthcare in rural areas in the future. One factor affecting care in rural areas is the recruitment of providers. What safety net would the agency have in place to address providing care to veterans in those rural areas? Nurse practitioners could be an option as well as offering residents better tuition assistance as many have acquired large amounts of educational debt (Simpson, 2006). Community based outpatient clinics provide a method of mitigating expenses that may be incurred by providing care in rural areas. An environmental analysis would provide some insight as to how the agency may provide care to veterans in those areas. This analysis may provide a look into resource allocation needs, what metrics are needed to measure effectiveness of the programs and how will quality be measured. The community based outpatient clinics would provide needed access to veteran who may be located in areas without a VA hospital (Liu, et al. , 2010). Conclusion Environmental analyses are vital to the strategic planning of the VA. Accessing the trends, forecasts, monitoring and scanning the environment will only mitigate risks and prepare the organization for changes in the future. Although the VA has a niche market the organization must address trends in healthcare insurance as this will affect veterans who can afford to make a choice of where they receive care. By analyzing this area the VA can maximize an opportunity to capture those veterans who are financially able to choose another healthcare provider. This may be done by offering those veterans a better option of quality healthcare in an environment they are familiar. References Fine, M. J. , Demakis, J. G. (2003). The veterans health administrations promotion of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1622-4. Liu, C. , Chapko, M. , Bryson, C. , Burgess, J. , Fortney, J. , Perkins, M. , Maciejewski, M. (2010). Use of outpatient care in Veterans Health Administration and Medicare among veterans receiving primary care in community-based and hospital outpatient clinics. Health Services Research, 45(5 Pt 1), 1268-1286. Swayne, L. E. , Duncan, W. J. , Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Simpson, S. A. (2006). Safety net lessons from the veterans health administration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 956-956.

Americanization of Russia and its Impact on Young Generation

Introduction Currently, the world is characterized by globalization and its effects are evident in all countries. It affects all sectors which are inclusive but not limited to political, economic and cultural sector. Culture is one of the sectors which are greatly affected by globalization because it is a wide topic which refers to people’s way of life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Americanization of Russia and its Impact on Young Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, although there is free flow of cultural ideas between different countries and different continents, American culture has extended to almost all countries in the world since it is considered to be superior to other cultures (Marling pp.7). As a result, all the other cultures in the world have been greatly impacted by the American culture. Russia is no exception as the American culture has had great impact on it. Sinc e culture is diverse, this paper shall focus on the positive impacts of the American culture on Russian language and some cultural changes that have been caused by Americanization. Background Information Cultural diffusion is a common occurrence in the age of globalization as there are many factors that influence the same. Although all the other countries are affected by Americanization, Russia has been greatly affected especially due to the Western domination in to the East after the fall of the USSR. Consequently, Russia is characterized by American cultural symbols. Although there are negative changes especially in relation to spending, Americanization has contributed greatly to social improvement. Since language is often used a means of communication, it has been seriously affected by the Americanization. This is due to the fact that that globalization has facilitated free movement of people from Russia to America (Bogardus pp.189). On the same note, people from America can sett le in Russia and as a result, Russian language has been greatly influenced by the American English. Americanization of the Russian Language Russian language is one of the Eastern Slavonic languages and it is spoken by about two hundred and seventy seven million people from Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. However, it is also spoke in other countries like United States, Canada, Israel, Finland and Poland to name just a few.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The language has got a long history as it dates from the tenth century although it appeared in writing much later in the seventh and the eighteenth century. However, despite the fact that it was only a few authors who would have written in Russian during the era of the Soviet Union, a lot of people were using the language by then (Ager Para 2). In view of the fact that language is prone to growth, Russian langu age has been growing rapindly since its establishment. Despite the fact that Russian language has been greatly influenced by English, there is a big difference between the two languages as studies indicate that it takes ten percent longer to communicate in Russian than in English. As highlighted earlier in this paper, American influence on the Russian language had been in existence for quite some time. As a result, the language has been affected in various ways. For instance, there are some America words that have been incorporated in the Russian language. Moreover, English became a very popular in Russia especially towards the end of the end of the twentieth century. Consequently, a lot of people especially the young people and children started to communicate purely in English. To make the mater even worse, some could not even communicate in Russian although it is their vernacular while others can only hear but cannot use it for speaking even at home. Studies indicate that American ization of the Russian language was not only a matter of concern to the scholars but also to the parents. Due to that, many parents made it a rule for their children to communicate purely in Russian especially in the home set up. According to the studies of Melnyk (Para 4), influence of English on Russian language increased during the post Soviet era although before then there were still some similarities. For example, the same studies illustrate that some English words like weekend and girl friend are pronounced the same way in the Russian language. However, during the post Soviet era, influence increased due to Western movies, teaching of English in Russian Universities, Western press as well as due to the increased Western books in Russia. Currently, due to technological advancement and development of a global economy, more English words related to the same fields are being used in the Russian language.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Americanizati on of Russia and its Impact on Young Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such words are inclusive but not limited to email, broker, voucher, browser, coupon, user and provider. Most words in Russian slang are characterized by Russian affixes and English roots. For example, Russian words like mastdait meaning to criticize originates from English meaning must die. Due to Americanization, some of the Russian words are currently being used while referring to some of the English words which have got similar sounds. For instance, studies of Melnyk (Para 6) illustrate that a word like mylo which means soap in Russian is used while refereeing to email just because the two words have got similar sounds. Additionally, young people in Russia are currently using a lot of English words in their vocabulary such as cool and wow. Impact of Americanization and Other Cultural Changes on Young People As much as Americanization in any country aff ects people across all the age brackets, young are affected more than any other group in the society. This is due to the fact that it is the group that is most active not to mention that it is also the group that interacts more with the foreigners. Most of the young people travel to America for study purposes and interact with Americans in the local learning institutions. In addition, it is the same group that is greatly influenced by music and the American movies. As a result, there is so much change in their life due to Americanization. Their language is mostly affected as the study indicates that their speech is characterized by slang which has got its roots in English. No one can negate the importance of a vernacular language but on the other hand, there are numerous benefits that a bilingual or people who know more than one language reap. In reference to Russian language, Americanization is very important as it is easier to express oneself in English more than in Russian. On th e same note, it is important to point out that Americanization has led to development of certain words that are very helpful in expression.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Americanization of Russian language is very significant to immigrants from Russia in the United States. This is due to the fact that it prevents or eliminates culture shock as knowledge of some of the American words helps Russians to get assimilated easily in the American culture. Culture shock becomes a major problem especially to people who are not acquitted with the American way of life. For instance, in the studies of Luria, Seymour Trudy (pp. 100), a mother explains that her daughter was constantly ill after they settled in the United States. Once consulted, the pediatrician explained that the main cause of colds and flu was due to culture shock as it caused an inner struggle. The mother reported that once the daughter learnt the American language and mannerism, her problem of sickness ceased. Such a case illustrates that even though Americanization has negative implications, there are some positive effects as well. Conclusion and Recomendation As much as linguistics and other scholars are doing their best to stop Americanization of Russian language, the situation will remain unless a sound intervention is sought. This is due to the fact that the problem occurs so naturally. For instance, Russians who settle in America start to use American words such as landlord, insurance, deposit and rent in their speech to be able to communicate well. Likewise, Americans who settle in Russia borrow some Russian words and begin to use them in their speech. Therefore, the problem may not be eliminated easily especially in this era characterized by free movement of people from one country to another. In addition, media is a great contributor to the same since in a country like Russia; there are a lot of American movies and music (Kouznetsov pp. 293). However, having said that, the importance of preservation of a vernacular language cannot be underestimated. In that case, it is important for the right measures to be put in place to control if not eliminate further Americ anization. Studies of Marsh Marsh (pp. 522) illustrate that in the twenty first century, the government has prohibited making any announcement and advertisement in any other language expect Russian. Some parents are also doing their best to ensure that their parents use Russian since it is their vernacular language. Other important measures ought to be put in place failure to which Americanization will not only continue, but also and take root in Russia. Works Cited Ager, Simon. Russian (Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º). 2010. Web. Bogardus, Emory Stephen. Essentials of Americanization. Chicago: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Print. Kouznetsov, Victor. † Information and Cultural Changes in Present Day Russia and their Influence on the Political System.† Information and Cultural Changes. Print. Luria, Harriet, Deborah M. Seymour and Trudy Smoke. Language and linguistics in context: readings and applications for teachers. London: Routledge, 2005. Print. Marling, William. How â€Å"American† is globalization? Baltimore: JHU Press, 2006. Print. Marsh, Rosalind and Rosalind J. Marsh. Literature, history and identity in post-Soviet Russia, 1991-2006. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. Print. Melnyk, Yuliya. The influence of English on the Russian language. 2010. Web. This research paper on Americanization of Russia and its Impact on Young Generation was written and submitted by user Amel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethiopian Economy Growth Essays

Ethiopian Economy Growth Essays Ethiopian Economy Growth Essay Ethiopian Economy Growth Essay Economic change The park management process and the new Japan manufacturing methods that were borrowed and employed by the government played a significant role in the service industry. Manufacturing and production processes had to be changed from the traditional expensive methods to the current inexpensive and convenient methods that suit various processes. The state had to come up with good measures to deal with the farming communities and the pastoralists so that feuds that would result between them would be managed and reduced. Despite the differing desires of the various cultural groupings, the government through collaborative efforts of the devolved leadership system has been able to control the better part of the problems. To some extent, the pastoral communities remained victims to state developments since the better part of the land that they used traditionally had to be taken away for other development agenda such as conversion into agricultural fields to enhance the growth of food to reduc e shortages and poverty that faced the people. Another important step that the state was able to realize is the mobilization for better pay and welfare of the peasants that worked in various plantations and industries. The state was able to argue for the better living condition of the same and resettlement of the local people in much better ways than the previous forceful evacuation of the people from their lands. The state also embarked on nation building by sparing lands for parks that were later promoted to attract tourists for the economic gain (Bernstein and Woodhouse 284). The direct ties that were initiated by the APF and the government in the year 2004 ensured that people were peacefully resettled and left space for the parks so that the territory could be marked and fenced. Another method that the government was able to use to promote tourism was through the promotion of various cultures in the country to the world. Various traditions and norms were practiced by the Ethiopian people and to market the nation for economic wellbeing, the government created a platform that enhanced upholding of cultures without undermining or degrading the lifestyle of any single culture grouping. Since the independence of the nation, the people decided uniformly to take part in the nation building. The nation, in particular, has been interested in building a strong security to its wellbeing, property, boundaries and fro its people both internally and internationally (McMichael 2451). This could be done through collaboration and integration of efforts in various positions and categories. The people, under the leadership of Meles, have been able to defend their nation through authorship of policies that foster growth and promote independence. Decentralization of work both in the public platforms and the manufacturing sectors have been encouraged through participation leadership and education systems. The people have the right to give and provide their ideas and opinions over the nation building process Eliminating Poverty in Ethiopia The greatest challenge that the nation has experienced since the introduction of the new government systems was the elevation of poverty and gaining self-reliant state. The government has over the years tried to come up with structures that can help the nation in building a framework where it can trade and invest in building the economy other than rely on donations and giving by much richer nations like the US. The strategy that was outlined by the prime minister helped outline the desire for the government to bring a permanent solution to famine and poverty. In response to the same, humanitarian crisis warning solutions were introduced in areas that were more indigenous. The desire to promote such economic building faced challenges. Many people lived in the rural places and had very poor spending habits. The nation then resorted to building more health facilities to take care of its populations from dangers of the diseases and illness. This helped to reduce sanitation and malnutriti on problems that for a long time were a threat to the peace of the people. Food, being one of the life necessities was given priority in the nation building. The program that was introduced by the prime minister was an eye opener, and many people were encouraged to produce their food so that they were not hunger stricken because the land had been given to the rightful owners. Peasants were settled and housed well, and the farmers in large plantations were also encouraged to grow food crops. This helped reduce the poverty level with some margin in comparison to the previous traditional governance systems that was expensive and famine stricken. Ethiopian economic growth and development The growth in the economy could be witnessed by the improving infrastructure and the continued development of the same. The enhancement and creation of international trade brought good ties with international investors that played a critical role in the nation building. Domestic direct investments increased. Agriculture and manufacturing increased because of the increasingly good infrastructure that saw the nation record increased growth then. Its improving economy made it appear among the fastest growing nation globally coupled with its sudden rise in GDP. Agriculture being one of the chief sources of wealth creation, it demanded improvements and use of modern methods. Presently the country has been able to major on using modern tools and fertilizers to foster its economic prosperity and yield per hector. The countrys diverse weather pattern and topography can support farming throughout the year. The coffee production increased for instance to respond to the world increasing demand thus fostering economic progression. Building a strong manufacturing industry has also been one of the goals of the country. This helped spread the risk and increase employment to the Ethiopian population. Private sector development and ease of advancements of loans helped the nation promote entrepreneurship and introduction of new systems that contribute a share in the economic cake of the nation (Rodriguez and Rodrik, 261). The country has also been able to form part of the East African trade association that has enhanced direct trade partnerships. As a fo cus to take part in the world trade organizations, it has also commenced ties with other nations so that it can mutually benefit from products produced in nations that it cannot produce while at the same time selling those that she produce. Conclusion Ethiopia has seen economic progression since she attained the economic independent from the previous regime of the tyranny and dictatorship leadership. The transformation process has never been smooth. Obstacles existed, and many lives have paid to the constitution that has finally resulted in peace within the many cultures in the country and international dealings. The economy of the nation has been catapulted by agriculture and the transformation manufacturing sector. Its main source of revenue results from the agricultural produce ranging from growing food crops to cash crops. The government has been able to take a role in this by the provision of fertilizers and encouragement of the use of modern tools in farming t increase output. Other service industries such as the manufacturing and tourism sectors have also boosted the economy positively. The country, for it to remain competitive in the global front, has to continue producing products that will maximize its benefits while dev eloping relations to get those that it does not produce. Giving the power to the people through the constitution has helped to foster democracy and good governance. However, the government needs to do more research and develop policies that promote better governance, domestic and international trade and enhance better relation with direct foreign investors to fund these projects. Work cited Abbink, Jon, and Tobias Hagmann, eds. Reconfiguring Ethiopia: the politics of authoritarian reform. Routledge, 2016. Bernstein, Henry, and Philip Woodhouse. Telling Environmental Change Like It Is? Reections on a Study in SubSaharan Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change 1.2 (2001): 283-324. Debelo, AsebeRegassa. Contesting views on a protected area conservation and development in Ethiopia. Social Sciences 1.1 (2012): 24-43. Hagmann, Tobias, and BenediktKorf. Agamben in the Ogaden: Violence and sovereignty in the EthiopianSomali frontier. Political Geography 31.4 (2012): 205-214. McMichael, Philip. Contemporary contradictions of the global development project: geopolitics, global ecology and the development climate. Third World Quarterly 30.1 (2009): 247-262. Rodriguez, Francisco, and Dani Rodrik. Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptics guide to the cross-national evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15. MIT Press, 2001. 261-338.

Introduction to economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to economics - Assignment Example In this way, economic power is widely dispersed. But in a planned or command economy, resources are publicly owned and economic decisions are made through central economic planning. This is because a central planning board determines major economic decisions. In free market economy, the individual freedom is valued and motivation comes from each agent’s self-interest in maximizing their income through individual decision-making. Buyers can freely choose what goods and services to purchase and at what price while sellers can freely decide what goods and services to produce and in what quantity. As to a planned economy, business firms are owned and controlled by the government, so they produce according to the central planning board’s directives. Free market economy is an economic system in which trading and exchange of goods, services and  information  takes place in a free market (Economywatch.com 2011, par.1). This means that under this economic system, markets are guided by the â€Å"invisible hands†. Law of supply and demand set market prices and all individuals in the economy have full knowledge about it. Individual decisions and preferences are communicated and coordinated through the mechanism of the market system. Government is kept from interfering within the economy as any interference may disturb the efficient functioning of the market system. Their role is limited to private property and making appropriate legal framework in which free market functions. The advocates of planned economy do not agree with this as they see the market as imperfect and therefore they recommend government intervention to correct market failures. Production targets for each firm are set by the central planning board including the amount of resources to be allocated. Even the distribution of output is determined and planned centrally. Both free market economy and planned economy have their advantages and disadvantages. The Great Depression was being blamed to the imperfect market system and inefficient business cycle. So, the United States government tried to intervene in the economy but still the effects of economic recession in 2008 was felt by most of the economies in the world. Because of these, most economies of the world are applying the mixed economic system, mixing the characteristics of a free market economy with a command economy. Real world economies are arrayed between the extremes of free market and planned economy (McConnell and Brue 1993, p.31). The United States economy, for example, leans toward free market system which is basically structured with the principles of economic freedom but the government plays an active role in promoting economic stability and growth, in providing goods and services which are either underproduced or not produced at all by the market system and in modifying the distribution of income. While some command or planned economies before like China and India are now economically successfu l after following the principles of market oriented economy system. This means that the mixed economy is more conducive to efficiency in the use of resources, stability of output and employment and rapid economic growth because even if the government has some level of regulatory control over the markets, the decisions are still left to the buyers and sellers in the

Participative budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Participative budgeting - Essay Example In the case where Costa Rica, Chile and Mauritius were selected to investigate the performance of pro-poor outcomes, evidence showed that the project was indispensable not only to strengthen democracy in the countries but also to ensure that the most pressing needs of the population were reflected in the government spending (Liao and Zhang, 2012). Methods like public meeting, focus groups, simulation, committee and surveys have been used so that the citizens can participate in the budget adoption (Jason et al, 2009). However, public meetings are not very good at giving citizens direct influence but they can be used as forums for preliminary information sharing (OToole and Marshall, 1988). Citizen participation in budgeting, brings out potential goals like informing decision-making, educating participants on the budget, gaining support for budget proposals, influencing decision making and enhancing trust and creating a sense of community. In Brazil, the state and civil society have always been much more intertwined that the liberal conceptualization. Capitalism was implemented in Brazil by the Portuguese patrimonial state with loyal court as the center for the power (Novy and Leubolt, 2005). In Porto Alegre as all over Brazil, neighborhood movements emerged in the 1970s. Residents mainly of irregular, poorer districts rebelled against the government lack of interest in acting for their benefits. Participatory budgeting involves direct and indirect democracy since there is sharing of power with the people and thus it will satisfy the basic needs like in Brazil where improvement in education was seen (Mirko, 2014). Participatory budgeting was an attempt to elaborate an alternative model of governance. The strategy showed legitimacy in strengthening civil society in the local forms of socialism. Social innovation and an open

Economic Problems of Northeast India

Economic Problems of Northeast India ABSTRACT This paper attempts to examine the reasons for the failure of the North East to catch up with the rest of India in terms of economic growth even though it has done fairly well with respect to human development indicators. The paper shows that the government has proposed policies for development of this region but various factors such as insurgency, geographical factors and infrastructural constraints have hindered the expected outcome of the policies. After analyzing these reasons we conclude our paper by suggesting various measures that can be adopted to overcome these problems and accelerate the development process. INTRODUCTION North-East India consisting of seven states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura; occupies a distinctive place primarily due to its social, cultural, political, geographical and historical features resulting in lack of uniformity, integration and assimilation. As unified it is in conflict ridden issues like ethnic unrest, insurgency, and illegal immigration; there exist wide intra-regional disparities in socio-economic issues. Since the colonial period it has been a witness to highly inequitable rates of economic growth. For the British, the North-East was a storehouse of raw materials such as coal, natural oil, forests and tea. There was a mass extraction of these resources which were then exported to other parts of the country for processing. This region however did not benefit from this process as the British did not set up processing and manufacturing units, neither did they pay any attention on the development of transport and communication facilities in the region. With the partition of India, for a long period of time trade with Bangladesh (East Pakistan) came to a stop which seriously damaged the economic and growth potential of the region. Government of India brought about several developmental packages for the region but these policies and programmes were not evaluated at appropriate times. This widened the gap between the region and rest of India. Thus all the socio-economic and political proble ms of these states were put under one unit, i.e., north-east region and a North Eastern council was created to address these as a whole  [1]  , thereby ignoring the inter-state disparities. In recent times the picture has got somewhat better. The north-eastern region has performed reasonably well in comparison to all India average situations in respect of human development indicators for both the sexes but it has failed in bringing commensurate economic growth. In spite of being a tribal belt and, in some cases having matrilineal society women still need to come at par with men. If these problems are not properly addressed the region may fall into the trap of vicious cycle instead of moving to a virtuous one. (Nayak, 2007)  [2]   The objective of the paper is to review the general claim that the North-Eastern states have done relatively well as compared to the all India average situations in terms of human development indicators; but the region has still not been able to achieve corresponding levels of economic growth. To this end, we have undertaken a comprehensive literature review comprising of various government reports and research articles. The data sources are RBI, NEDFi Databank. The paper is structured as follows: We begin by analysing the human development indicators and economic growth scenario in the region and also discuss the presence of intra-regional disparities at the disaggregated level. Next we look into the past and present policies introduced by the government for the economic and social upliftment of the region. We then state the recurrent problems prevailing in the North-Eastern states and we conclude with a discussion of potential policies and measures that can be undertaken so that th e region is able to tap its true potential. Human Development and Economic Growth in the region Disparities in Human Development Indicators and Economic Growth Human development indicators have been consistently high for the North-Eastern states on an average. A look at the Human Development Report (2002) reaffirms this fact. However as apparent there are huge inter-state disparities. The HDI value during 1981 in the region varied from the lowest figure of 0.242 in Arunachal Pradesh to the highest of 0.461 in Manipur as against the national average of 0.302. Similarly in 1991 the lowest and highest figures were 0.328 (Arunachal Pradesh) and 0.548 (Mizoram) as against 0.389 at the national level (Nayak, 2009). Thus on an aggregate the region seems to have done well but there exist wide rural-urban and gender disparities. We now separately present an overview of the various human development indicators. Literacy UNDPs national human development report (2003) studied the region and concluded that the region has done well in the social sector and more so in the spread of literacy. The overall literacy rate of the region in 2001 (65.83%) was marginally higher than the national average (64.8%). States such as Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Manipur had literacy rates higher than the national average, whereas other states like Assam kept pace with the national average. Starting from relative backwardness in 1971, by 2001 Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh closed gaps with the country average. Considering that Arunachal Pradesh had a literacy rate of only 11.30 per cent in 1971, the attainment to 54.34 per cent by 2001 constitutes a huge progress in just three decades. There were considerable improvements in the field of female literacy too. Female literacy for all the states is higher as compared to the all India average except for Arunachal Pradesh. In spite of these positive trends there are questi ons about the quality of undergraduate, postgraduate and vocational education available here.  [3]   Infant Mortality Rate and Nutritional Status Some states have continuously lagged behind in terms of several important economic indicators. For instance, states such as Assam and Arunachal Pradesh have higher infant mortality rates (66 and 61respectively) whereas other states in the region have done well for example Mizoram (34). The poor state of infant mortality rates in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam can be attributed to poor utilisation of antenatal healthcare units, lack of proper healthcare infrastructure, limited access to healthcare facilities due to geographical constraints. The region is marked by the prevalence of diseases such as diarrhoea, parasitic infestation, hepatitis and entric fever. Mizorams high levels of literacy and urbanisation are reflected in the better than average utilisation of reproductive and child healthcare services (RCH); 20% of its mothers make use of antenatal check-up (ANC) services. Moreover more than 35% of its children are immunised.  [4]   The National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS) 2005-06, which defines nutritional status of children as percentage of children under age 3 born to ever married women classified as under-weight, shows Mizoram with the lowest percentage of under-weight children at 14.3 which is way below the national average of 40.4. Most of the states lie way below this national average the only exception being Meghalaya with a percentage of 42.9. The reason for the dismal performance of Meghalaya can be attributed to inadequate food intake, chronic illness and low levels of immunisation. Only 33% of the children aged 12-23 months are fully vaccinated as against the national average of 44%. Gross-State Domestic Product (GSDP) The standard of living of the people in the region, as measured by the per capita gross state domestic product (GSDP), has lagged significantly behind the rest of the country. In 2004-05, the GSDP of the region at Rs. 18027 was less than the overall state average of Rs. 25968. In the post-independence era the growth rate of per capita GSDP started lagging behind the rest of the country and by the late 1960s, the per capita income in the region had declined substantially. With the introduction of market based economic reforms this difference in the growth rates increased further. During the period 1990-91 to 2004-05, while the aggregate GSDP of all states increased at the rate of 6% per year, the corresponding figure for the region was 4.4%. Also, the regions growth rate of per capita income at 2.5% was significantly low as compared to the national growth rate of 4% during the same period. The reasons for low GSDP such as geographical inaccessibility, insurgency, and infrastructural b ottlenecks and will be discussed later in the paper. An Overview of Government Policies Industrial Policies: NORTH EAST INDUSTRIAL AND INVESTMENT PROMOTION POLICY (NEIIPP), 2007: It was an extension of the NEIIPP introduced in 1997. The earlier NEIIPP did not cover Sikkim, but under the new NEIPP Sikkim was also included. Under this scheme all new units as well as existing units which go in for a substantial expansion (an increase by not less than 25% in the value of fixed capital investment in plant and machinery for the purpose of expansion of capacity/modernization and diversification) will be eligible for incentives for a period of 10 years from the date of commencement of commercial production. In addition to this firms will also be given other incentives such as interest subsidy, capital investment subsidy, income tax exemption, excise duty exemption and comprehensive insurance.  [5]   NEDFi (North-Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd.): North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, on August 9, 1995 with its registered office at Guwahati, Assam, for the development of industries, infrastructure, animal husbandry, agri-horticulture plantation, medicinal plantation, sericulture plantation, aquaculture, poultry and dairy in the North Eastern states of India. NEDFi has been promoted by All India Financial Institutions Industrial Development Bank of India, ICICI Ltd., Industrial Finance Corporation of India, Small Industries Development Bank of India, Insurance Companies Life Insurance Corporation of India, General Insurance Corporation and its subsidiaries, Investment company Unit Trust of India and Bank State Bank of India. Agricultural Policies: Watershed Development Project in Shifting Agriculture Area(WDPSCA): The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, GoI launched a programme WDPSCA which is a Special Central Assistance to State Plan Programme for the benefit of jhumia communities. The programme was launched in 1994-95 in the Seven North Eastern States during the 8th Five Year Plan and continues to be implemented during the 9th Plan Period. The Soil and Water Conservation Department of the Government of Meghalaya initiated the Jhum Control Programme in 1974- 75 to control topsoil degradation due to jhum cultivation. The prominent feature of the programme was to support rehabilitation of the communities dependent on Jhum cultivation by improving their socio-economic conditions, enabling alternative livelihood options and food production. The major impact of this policy as evaluated by different agencies has been a decrease of about 30% in the shifting cultivation area due to adoption of settled cultivation. Sustainable i ncrease in productivity of agricultural crops and increased practise of horticulture was also noticed. Moreover, about 25% increase in income of an average Jhumia family was also reported.  [6]   National Horticulture Mission (NHM): For the North-Eastern states and hilly areas, the government had launched a centrally sponsored scheme on integrated development of horticulture in the North-Eastern states in 2001-02 which was extended to Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand in 2003-04. The scheme has been renamed Horticulture Mission for North-East and Himalayan States with effect from 2010-11, which provides higher subsidy than what is available under National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in plane areas.  [7]   Infrastructural Policies: Development of infrastructure has been neglected in north-east India. According to Nayak, the North-East region which constitutes 7.8 percent of the total geographical area of the country has a meagre of 1, 16,551 kms. of road length. Similarly development of railways has been poor. However, the Government through DoNER (Department Of North Eastern Region) has undertaken infrastructural projects in the last few years. The Government has invested substantially in road, air, rail, energy, and telecommunications. 8The Eleventh Plan devotes nearly Rs. 50000 crores on road development in this region. Some road development programs include SARDP-NEP (Special Accelerated Road Development Project ), East-West Corridor, NHDP-II and programs initiated by DoNER and NEC ( North East Council) . Railway network in this region is only 4% of the countrys rail system. Fourteen major railway projects for which Rs.10000 crores has been allocated include 8 new lines, 5 gauge conversions and 1 doubling of line, is expected to connect the state capitals of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland to already connected states of Assam and Tripura. As this region is blessed with rivers, inland water transportation is important for its development. Notable projects include NW-II on the river Brahmaputra from Dhubri to Sadiya and National Waterway -IV on the river Barak from Lakhipur to Bhanga. In case of energy there has been an imbalance between the generation and availability of thermal and hydroelectric power. To attain a sustainable growth of this sector emphasis needs to be laid on hydroelectric power where ever possible. The gas based power projects include Palatana project and Monarchak, while Dibang Multi-purpose Hydroelectric Project focuses on hydro electric energy source. One of the programs introduced by the government is Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) which was introduced in 1995 to provide electricity to all villages and rural households. Ministry of Power has been giving assistance to the states in this region to improve power distribution of power under the Accelerated Power Development Program (APDRP). The Annual Report 2008-09 suggests continuation of these measures till the desired results are achieved.  [9]   In terms of social infrastructure though the levels of literacy are generally well off, there is a need for improving the infrastructure and facilities of educational institutions as well as improving the quality of education. The North East states have been provided with grants under Non Lapsable Central Pool of Resources (NLCPR) to improve infrastructural facilities. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has also been implemented in these states with positive improvements. The important Central Sector Institutions in the North East Region are IIT, Guwahati; NERIST, Itanagar; NIT, Silchar; Regional Centers of IGNOU; Central Universities of Assam, Tezpur, Mizoram, Nagaland and NEHU.  [10]   Policies to Combat Insurgency: Until the 1970s the Indian government used collective punishment, forcible relocation and military occupation in an attempt to end insurgency in the North-East. In addition to creating a severe sense of grievance among some groups, this strategy rendered civil and political institutions virtually meaningless by concentrating power over local affairs with the security forces. Even today, the military remains the only Indian institution with any significant presence in parts of this region, which has given rise to anti central government sentiments. Major Socio-Economic Problems of the Region We now examine the problems which have not only existed in spite of the above policies, but also hamper the effective implementation of the same. Geographical Factors: The entire region of the North-East can be broadly divided into two characteristic zones mountain and plains. While Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland are almost entirely hilly, about four fifths of Assam is plain. Manipur and Tripura have both plain areas and hilly tracts. The hills account for about 70 per cent area and accommodate about 30 per cent of population of the region and the plains constituting the remaining 30 percent of area hold about 70 per cent of its population.  [11]  The regions accessibility has always remained weak due to geographical reasons and underdeveloped transport links with the rest of India. Also, as the region witnesses floods and landslides in the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys of Assam, considerable strain is exerted on the economy of not only Assam but other North-Eastern states too. Infrastructural Factors: One of the reasons for the economic backwardness of the North-Eastern states is the poor state of basic infrastructural facilities. Infrastructure i.e. physical (like roadways, waterways, energy and so on) as well as social infrastructure (for instance educational institutions, health facilities) plays an important role in human development and economic growth of any region. The region has about 6% of the national roads and about 13% of the national highways (Sachdeva). However, the quality of these roads is not good due to poor maintenance. The Indian planners neglected the development of infrastructure in this region for a long period of time. Only in recent years, serious efforts have been made for the provision of these facilities. However, as infrastructural development entails long gestation periods the recent efforts made by North-Eastern Council (NEC) and Ministry of Development of North-Eastern Region (DoNER) did not have much of an economic impact. The prominent indicators of shortfalls in infrastructure in this region are: increasingly congested roads, power failures, shortage of drinking water etc. Constraints on Industrial Growth: North-East India has remained historically underdeveloped in terms of industrial growth. At the time of Independence, there was a small but significant industrial sector in Assam which was mostly dominated by the colonial capitalists. This sector consisted of plantation and manufacturing of tea, mining of coal and oil, oil refinery, manufacturing of plywood and other forest resource based products. Post Independence, due to the partition of India, the industrial sector in Assam received a serious setback as its trade routes were cut-off with the rest of the country. This in turn hindered economic integration with other parts of India and also reduced the attractiveness of the region as a destination of investment. The main strength of the region for industrial development comes from its huge natural resource base. For instance, the setting up of National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation to harness the huge hydro-electric potential of the region and Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) for exploration and extraction of oil and gas reserves. The forest based industrial units have been on decline following the ban on felling of trees, by the Supreme Court of India in 1995. Besides dearth of local capital, marketing and transport bottlenecks hinder the industrial development of this region. Tea industry is one of the oldest industries in India. Tea industry started well in the beginning of 20th century. Tea established itself as a major manufacturing industry in Assam that heralded a huge potential. One of the major problems facing the tea industry, especially in Assam has been increased conflict between the mainstream Assamese and the labourers regarding the health issues and welfare benefits of the labourers. Agriculture: Agriculture is the major subsistence occupation of the tribal population of the region. The pattern of agricultural growth has however been uneven across states and between crops. Rice is the major crop of the region (kharif). Other crops (rabi) grown in the region are wheat, potato, sugarcane, pulses and oilseeds. The North-Eastern region produces only 1.5% of the countrys total food grain production and provides livelihood support to 70% of the population (Mishra and Misra).The pace of agricultural growth in the eastern and North-Eastern regions has been slower than the rest of the country. The Green Revolution was largely limited to the North-Western parts of the country and has not benefited the North-Eastern region. By and large, the production conditions in agriculture in the North-East are traditional. The agricultural productivity is the lowest, irrigation facilities are almost non-existent in some areas and consumption of fertilisers is extremely low in the regi on. One of the most common agricultural practise in the North-East is shifting or Jhum cultivation. Approximately 1.7 million hectares of land is under shifting agriculture. This leads to large scale deforestation resulting in soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. Insurgency and Political Issues: Insurgency or terrorism is a political weapon and is often the result of accumulated anger due to political, economic and social causes. The North-Eastern states have witnessed a rise of insurgent activities and regional movements. These movements derive their roots from differences in language and ethnicity, human rights, tribal rivalry and ethnic resentment, migration, underdevelopment, control over local resources, access to markets and a widespread feeling of exploitation and alienation from the Indian state. Nagaland has been the epicentre of insurgency in the North-East; however, the problem has now spilled over to the rest of the region. Some of the insurgent groups are United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), Peoples Liberation Army, National Socialist Council of Nagaland, All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), and National Democratic Front of Bodoland. Often these insurgent groups indulge in subversive activities like damaging rail tracks, smuggling, extortion, kidnapping, strikes and curfews and illegal cross-country migration. One of the important targets of the insurgents is the resource-based industries like petroleum and tea which form the core industries in the region. Assam also faces illegal infiltration from Bangladesh while Arunachal Pradesh faces constant threat from Chinese incursions. Natural Resource Base: North-East is endowed with rich natural resource base- soil, water, vegetation and hydrocarbons. In spite of having huge natural resources, the North-Eastern part of the country is underdeveloped. The resources are being exploited and mismanaged, thereby leading to depletion of the very assets that are usually highlighted as triggering the greatest potential for growth and development of the North-Eastern region. Resources have been extracted primarily for survival and for further capital formation and also the biodiversity of the region is under severe threat. The bulk of natural resource degradation is being caused by coal mining, fertiliser industry, paper industry, cement industry and militant activities. Conclusion In recent years, the government has been trying to put in place policies regarding the economic development and social integration of North-East, however, as we can conclude from our literature review there have been various social, economic, political and geographical problems which have hindered development of these states. It is generally believed that agriculture in the North-Eastern states has a lot of potential. Given the resource endowment of the region, this hypothesis seems quiet plausible. This can be attributed to socio-economic features as well as institutional, organizational and technological constraints. The agricultural policies for the region should thus focus not only on increasing agricultural productivity but also pay attention on eliminating the constraints on agricultural productivity and providing incentives for promoting sustainable agricultural practises and setting up of related activities such as fisheries, animal husbandry etc. The need for stepping up of investment in the agricultural sector has been felt very strongly given the fact that this region has been historically capital-starved. From the point of view of medium and large industry the most promising resources are the forest wealth of the region and the substantial deposits of oil, coal and limestone. The development of horticulture and plantations can assist in the growth of small and medium agro-based industries. The growth of sericulture and the demand for yarn in the handloom sector provide a base for the development of textile industries. These along with a variety of small units for serving local consumption demands can provide the basis for a more rapid industrialisation of the area. To protect the environment and resources it is necessary to implement pollution standards and put in place environmental laws regarding emissions, waste and effluent discharges from industries. There is a need to preserve the biodiversity of the region as livelihoods can be improved by developing forest produce, cultivation and export of exotic fruits and plants and harnessing of medicinal plants. National programmes and sc hemes are needed to support indigenous community forestry institutions and practises. Also it can be used to develop the tourism sector which will generate employment opportunities. The area has tremendous potential for Hydro-Power generation which needs to be appropriately harnessed as it is not only environment friendly but will also provide immense financial benefits, reduced flood damage if storage facilities are a part of Hydro-Power projects, employment generation which in turn would have an impact on sectors such as services, transport and tourism. The government should strive to resolve inter-state water conflicts and maintenance of dams. Private investment can play a critical role in fuelling economic growth and is essential to generate productive employment, raise productivity and improve technology and the work culture in areas like infrastructure, industry and agriculture. Incentives can also be given for attracting foreign investment in this region. This can however be done once the basic infrastructure facilities are put in place. These policies to encourage employment would reduce discontentment among the youth of these states thereby curbing the spread of insurgency. Thus we conclude that the North East has done reasonably well in terms of human development indicators .Also the government has put into place policies for development and integration of the region but in the end it is upto the local people to work hand in hand with the Central and State Governments to ensure prosperity of the region.