Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Ever Growing Cosmetic Industry - 991 Words

According to an online article ‘12 Surprising Statistics About the Beauty Industry’ by Style Caster, one in three women admit to never leave the house without any makeup on (Irvine, 2013) This shows that the cosmetic industry caters to a large market of consumers who are willing to spend a major chunk of their income on self-adornment products and services. A report generated by YWCA USA (2008) indicated that a total of $7 billion is spent per year on cosmetics, which is 0.5% of the country’s total GDP. This essay aims to determine whether the ever growing cosmetic industry is affecting individuals in a positive or a negative manner physically and psychologically by studying various sources of information such as books, articles, reports and websites keeping a feminist’s approach towards the topic. Self-Adornment is not a recent practice. It dates all the way back to approximately 10 thousand years BCE with ancient Egyptians discovering healing properties in scented oils and gradually expanding into different cosmetic sectors then onwards. (Cosmetics info, 2015) Eventually, other counties adapted the adornment techniques from one another and had their own laws, trends and ideas of beauty in the course of time. As Ribeiro rightly stated â€Å"Beauty is an evanescent quality, always changing and often impossible to define† (2011: 13) The idea of ideal beauty is ever evolving. For example, in the 17th century a curvy and voluptuous body was considered to be ideal ( Ribeiro, 2011)Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of School Violence On South Korea1308 Words   |  6 Pagesimage-conscious and competitive nation. It is so much so that getting one’s foot in the door in love and career greatly depends on how attractive one looks. In order to enhance their social competitiveness, more and more young people have decided to undergo cosmetic surgery. First, in the middle and high school stages, there are many incidents of school violence that have occurred because of someone’s appearance. Students who look ugly will be more likely targets of ridicule. A study analyzing the reasons ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Porter s Five Forces Analysis1351 Words   |  6 Pageslonger a phrase of the past, thanks to the cosmetic surgery industry. Injectables such as Botulinum toxin, (aka Botox), Collagen, and Hyaluronic acid are credited with keeping faces wrinkle-free. More invasive procedures, such as Breast Implantation, nose surgery, and the ever popular tummy-tuck, offer enhancements to those body parts the individual is dis-satisfied with (Grundy, 2006). Because of the seemingly instant gratification, the cosmetic surgery industry has witnessed a drastic increase overRead MoreThe Dangers Of Testing Cosmetic Products On Animals1496 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Many of the largest brands in beauty s billion dollar industry are still continuing to test products on animals. Based on prior knowledge, there are various companies that do not test on animals. While there are big brand companies that continue to test on animals, like mice and rabbits. The purpose of this research is to examine the dangers of testing cosmetic products on animals, along with examining possible effective and safe ways to test products. Gathering information through qualitativeRead MoreReserch Essay on Esthetics977 Words   |  4 PagesEsthetician Research Essay My research essay is based on esthetics and what I have researched about this career in the esthetics industry. The job outlook for estheticians and skin care specialists is very good. The BLS states that job outlook projections through the year 2014 for esthetcians is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. There are so many different job opportunities for both veteran and newly licensed estheticians. Salons and spas are a great place to startRead MoreThe Cosmetics Industry Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The cosmetics industry has developed at a steady pace over the past decade growing by â€Å"3.8%, from â‚ ¬127 billion in 2005 to hit a total worth of â‚ ¬181 billion in 2014.† (Consultancy.uk, 2015). Since benefit was founded in 1976 by twin’s jean and Jane ford, it has grown to become a household name. Benefit faces competition from larger brands such as MAC Cosmetics, L’Orà ©al and Urban Decay amongst other major brands; benefit is at times overshadowed due to its not always publicised advertisementsRead MoreThe Cosmetic Surgery Industry Is No Different1736 Words   |  7 PagesIn modern America, media dictates opinions of society from the types of clothing worn to the political candidates supported; the cosmetic surgery industry is no different. With popular television shows Extreme Makeover, the general public is inundated with images promoting the use of cosmetic surgery to achieve the societal view of what is beautiful. The stereotypical definition of beauty is vast, but has several common factors, such as: full lips, large breasts, small waists, and curvy hips. ForRead MoreProposal of Marianila Hair Products1370 Words   |  6 PagesEmail: mariakatra@hotmail.com Semester registered for senior project: Fall 2011-2012 Date of modified Submission of proposal: 13/10/2011, Date of approval: 1. Title: MariaNila hair cosmetics by LaPerle 2. Objectives of the project: The objective of this project is to: a. Due to its growing popularity in the Scandinavian countries LaPerle is looking to expand globally. Paul Katra is the sole agent in Lebanon since he already works with this brand in the field of hair straighteningRead MoreThe Egyptian Women And Women1166 Words   |  5 Pageson the Egyptian women began using natural resources for other uses. â€Å"Egyptian women apply galena mesdemet (made of copper and lead ore) and malachite (bright green paste of copper minerals) to their faces for color and definition† (A History of Cosmetics from Ancient Times). The use of the natural resources in this way started what we know of today as makeup. The idea of makeup as the use of making someone’s face appear more attractive became very popular from spreading from the Egyptians to theRead MoreMarket Size and Beauty Health Service1434 Words   |  6 PagesMarket size of beauty and healthcare industry means the total dollar amount of potential sales to all customers within this industry. The number of buyers and sellers in this particular market is especially important for companies that wish to launch a new product or service, since small markets are less likely to be able to support a high volume of goods. Large markets could bring in more competition. The Singaporean market for health and beauty products is growing phenomenally in recent years. ARead MoreThe History of Cosmetics and the Trends in the Fashion Industry1115 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper will discuss some of the history of cosmetics and new trends and types of cosmetics in the fashion industry and different types of hair extensions. Would you ever guess that film makeup started back when there was black and white movies? One type of cosmetic in the fashion industry would be eyelash extensions, or fake eyelashes. Eyelash extensions have been around since 1916 , but recently have become a trend. The first fake eyelashes were made of human hair and were made for

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

is lottery a good idea Essay - 1781 Words

Is Lottery a Good Idea? Lottery is one of the best things that has ever happened to human kind especially those that dream high and but their dreams don’t come to life because they don’t have what it takes to make it happen. Lotteries are in various categories such as sweep stakes, scratch off, the Jackpot and even the green card lottery. The lottery that is being focused in this argument is the jackpot one. When individuals or people in general buy the lottery ticket their hopes are high, and they anxiously await with anticipation hoping to win. If they don’t win, they never give up, for they know that there is always next time and they keep playing. Some people urge that playing lottery is a bad idea because people end up getting†¦show more content†¦The history of lottery started long time ago in the early history of America. The online gov. info library states that â€Å"Lotteries were frequently used in colonial-era America to finance public works projects such as paving streets, constructing wharves, even building churches. In the 18th century, lotteries were used to finance construction of buildings at Harvard and Yale.† This shows that lottery has been around for a long time. Today, most states have adopted lottery system especially the computerized ones like mega millions and Powerball due to the world advancing technologically. This is so because these states have seen the growth of income that come from lotto. Each state has rules and time frames in which a prize can be claimed. Some states allows people to be anonymous like Ohio while others don’t have that option. For example, in Indiana winners have 90 days before they claim their prize and their identity is revealed. In cases where the winning ticket isn’t claimed, the state will get back all the money that it contributed to the unclaimed jackpot. The money is distributed according to state rules. Even if the winner comes forward, every state that participates in lottery selling benefits from it. The state imposes both federal and state taxes on the winner. Winners have a choice to take a pay out as a lump sum or as an annuity. If the payment is lump sum, taxes are paid out at once and annually if the prize is taken as an annuity. TheseShow MoreRelatedIs Lottery a Good Idea1189 Words   |  5 PagesIs a Gambling a Good Idea? Definition of Gambling Merriam-Webster’s Learners Dictionary defined gambling as â€Å"playing a game in which you can win or lose money or possessions† (Merriam). Origin of gambling in the United States The first lottery was held in the America by the Virginia Company with the permission of the Crown to raise money to finance the establishment of the Colony in 1612. The lotteries were relatively sophisticated and included instant winners. All the original 13 raised revenueRead MoreAdhering to The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1038 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Adhering to Lottery† In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson writes about the game lottery, which makes the story very ironic. Unlike all of the other Lottery games, in this traditional version no one wants to be chosen, because that brings them the end of their life. Jackson explains how keeping up with some traditions that are part of people’s life, may not be the best choice to embrace a particular culture. Jackson uses the Lottery as an example to express her idea about the ethical issues such as;Read MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthe use of object, name, or person to represent an idea. If a name is being use, a name such as autumn can represent the adulthood of a human. Creatures such as an Eagle, represents ‘Freedom’ and ‘America’. Even inanimate objects can represent ideas; the light bulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyone was present, the heads ofRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson portrays a small town trapped in a futile tradition due to superstitious beliefs bringing upon more evil than prosperity. The small town of people are caught following a tradition blindly or to frighten to change their ways leading to serious consequence. some however, do question the lottery but are quickly shut up by old man Warner with the belief that the tradition of the lottery brings a good harvest of corn to the community. As the community continues to followRead MoreThe Lottery : Dissecting Sociological Horrors Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pages The Lottery: Dissecting Sociological Horrors When you hear the word â€Å"lottery†, what do you think? In Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, readers are presented with an ironic, dramatic, bleak tale about a small village gathering for not exactly what one would call a lottery. Born in San Francisco, California in 1916, Jackson spent much of her early life writing poetry and journal entries. After enrolling in the University of Rochester, she eventually withdrew to pursue her dreams of becoming a writerRead MoreLottery Is Good or Not1635 Words   |  7 PagesIs lottery a good idea? These days, a lot of people play lottery and spend a certain amount of money on it while few of them earn back what they spend. Someone says lottery is a kind of tax collected by the government on peoples’ luck and desire to be rich. In another aspect, lottery is also gambling, and it could make people to be a millionaire in a night if the person is lucky enough, however, it has a negative effect that it causes inequality, crimes and so on. So lottery is not a positive ideaRead MoreAnalysis of Against the Odds and Against the Common Good1735 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst the Common Good. States should neither allow nor encourage state-run lotteries. There are five major arguments that people use to defend lotteries. One is that most lotteries are run honestly, but if gambling is harmful to society it is irrelevant to argue if they are honest or not. The second is that lotteries create jobs, but there are only a small handful of jobs that would be eliminated if lotteries were p ut out of business. Another argument that would support keeping lotteries is that, otherRead MoreTradition Stays Put in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1053 Words   |  4 PagesTradition Stays Put Easily regarded as one of America’s most beloved short stories, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, leaves readers with excitement and perhaps a small sense of doubt. Doubt could be an aspect of the reader’s mind due to the gory fact of the cultural tradition in the small farming town of the story. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays the theme of unwavering ritualistic tradition and symbolism. This means the village is unable to move past their tradition while symbolismRead More Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Effective Use of Character Names1080 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Use of Character Names in The Lottery   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The common curse of mankind, --folly and ignorance† (Shakespeare).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were he alive, William Shakespeare might fully endorse Shirley Jackson’s ideas as presented in The Lottery.   The author, Jackson, very distinctly uses symbolic names for her characters to show the ignorance of the sacrificial lottery, which the small village holds year after year.   These sacrifices, which used to be held to appease the god of harvest, have grown meaninglessRead MoreReligious and Traditional Symbols in the Lottery1491 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers. Religious traditions are usually passed on from parent to child at an early age. In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson reveals the tradition of the lottery and how all of the villagers conform to the ritual of a human sacrifice. Growing up with an exceptionally religious father I can relate to way of thinking of the villagers that traditions are accepted without questioning. In The lottery, the children were stuffing their pockets with stones before all of the parents had arrived

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Farm Tools Free Essays

Agriculture has been in the limelight for several decades, it started in different countries across the globe each country in their own time. However, agriculture could not have been achieved without the use of farm tools and machinery. This farm equipment makes it easy for farm activities to be undertaken with an ease. We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Tools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the introduction of this equipment, agriculture was difficult and it was only done in small scale. Therefore, the agricultural produce which was produced as a result was only used for consumption purposes. However, with this machinery, there is a large production which is able to sustain consumption and also used for commercial purposes. The world depends largely on agricultural production therefore, farm tools should be embraced across the globe. First, combine harvester is one of the farm tools and it is one of the machines which combine several activities such as harvesting and threshing among others. This equipment was introduced in the year 1935 but it was first used for commercial purpose in the year 1939 (Kataoka). As the word combine suggests, combine harvester is used for several activities such as reaping. The second activity is threshing after the crops have been cut and collected the next activating is to separate the grain from corn. The other activity done by the combine harvester is grain separation, this activity is whereby the grain is separated from the husks. The last activity is cleaning whereby the grain is cleaned by blowing the chaff away. Second, the other farm tool is a mower, this tool is used for cutting grass. The tool is also known as a lawnmower. According to Kataoka, there are the different model of lawn mowers such as solar-powered lawn mower and this type is environmentally friendly. The other model of lawn mower is the automatic lawn mower, this type automatically detects the area of grass to be mowed and the height of grass as required. The other model is gas powered lawn mower and this model is not environmentally friendly since it emits gas into the environment. Lawnmowers are classified based on different factors such as the axis of rotation of the blades. For example, rotary lawn mower in which its axis is vertical and reel lawn mower in which its axis is horizontal. Third, a plough is another farm tool and it is used to till the land so as to aerate the soil for planting purposes. There are different types of ploughs depending on the function they perform. For example, furrow reversible plough which is useful in dry trashy stumpy and hard land condition. The tool is mounted directly on a tractor and it is hydraulically operated. It has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back to back whereby one rotates to the right and the other one to the left. The other type is the furrow press which is mounted behind the tractor. Chisel plough is the other type and this type is important in obtaining deep tillage with limited soil disruption. This type is used to reduce the impact of compaction and hardpan (Kataoka). Fourth, the harrow is another type of farm tool also known as a set of harrows. It is mostly used after ploughing has been done so as to break up the lumps and to achieve fine soil. This tool is mostly used when planting small size seeds like wheat, millet among others. It may also be used to remove weeds and cover seeds after planting (Kataoka). There are several types of harrows and they include power harrow in which the power from the tractor is used to drive the cultivators. The used set of harrows may be ineffective for the land since it makes fine soil, therefore, in case of heavy rains the soil may be washed away. Fifth, the other type of farm tools is the rotary tiller. As the name implies, this tool is used by rotating the tines and blades so as to cultivate the land. It is also known as a rototiller, rotary hoe, power tiller, rotary plough or rotavator. It is mounted on a tractor and it is operated by the power from the tractor. The rotary tiller can also be used by means of propelling itself. This equipment is also used after the plough has been used and the need for it is to break up the soil. It is mostly used in the gardens when planting vegetables and other crops. Sixth, the other tool is a broadcast seeder which is used to plant seeds in the farm. Has the name suggests this tool is used to plant seeds randomly in the farm. This activity is done by spreading the seeds without following a systematic way such as planting the seeds in a line. It can also be used to spread fertilizers commonly known as fertilizer spreader. The tool is also known as a broadcast spreader. The tool is mounted on a tractor normally a garden tractor so as to perform this act of sowing seeds or spreading fertilizers or lime. The small size of the broadcast spreader is handheld with a hopper while the slightly bigger ones are pushed with the spinning disk powered by gearing to the wheel. Seventh, the other tool equipment is seed drill, this tool is used for planting purposes. As opposed to broadcast seeder or broadcast spreader which spreads the seeds randomly, this tool plants seeds evenly and in systematic lines. The rows of these lines are easily controlled so as to achieve an even plantation. The depth of planting seeds is also even with the use of this machine. After the machine has sown the seeds it then covers them, therefore, protecting the seeds from the birds unlike in the case where they are randomly spread and the birds can easily pick them. The tool also saves time since it does all the work of sowing and covering unlike where the seeds are sown by randomly spreading then covered by using human labour (Kataoka). Eighth, the other tool is Centre irrigation and it is used for irrigation. The term irrigation is the application of water artificially to the soil in places where there is minimal rain or in the places with no rain at all. This tool is important in crop production because lands which could have been desolate due to lack of rain are converted into productive lands. This tool is also used to suppress weeds in the farm. Irrigation is also used to prevent soil consolidation, this is the process of changing the volume of the soil by preventing pressure. From the name Centre irrigation, it means that this tool is fixed in the farm therefore, water will be regulated as required by opening and closing when necessary. Ninth, hay tedder is another type of farm tools, this tool is used in haymaking. This tool came into use in the second half of the nineteenth century. After crops like wheat, rice, millet and other crops have been harvested the straws are left in the farm. These straws are useful in making hay for feeding livestock. Therefore, this tool is used in the process of making hay. It also uses moving forks so as to turn the hay and also to scatter the hay. The reason for this activity is to speed up the drying of hay by aerating them. This process also improves the colour and the aroma of hay. This tool is very important in speeding up of haymaking (Kataoka). Tenth, the sickle is another farm tool and it is used for cutting grass, hay among others. This tool is among the smallest farm tools and it is handheld as opposed to other tools which might be mounted on a tractor. This tool is also known as a reaping hook or a bagging hook. It came into existence in the Iron Age and since then it has evolved so much. It started with iron the latter it was made of steel. According to Kataoka, there are many types of sickle which include smooth and serrated blades. Both of these types are used either to cut grass or to harvest mature cereals such as wheat and millet. Causes and Effects of Agriculture in Ancient Egypt To start with, Egypt is known to be a dry land and agricultural practices require some amount of rainfall thus, there are causes and effects which came as a result of agriculture. Some of the causes which led to agriculture in Egypt is the fact that it is a dry region therefore, they used river Nile’s water for irrigation. With the irrigation system such as basin irrigation, agriculture in Egypt was birthed and therefore, there are effects which resulted from it. Some of these effects include increased productivity, productivity was increased as a result of agriculture through irrigation. The other effect is the reduction of poverty, due to agricultural productivity poverty was dealt with. Another effect of agriculture in Egypt was the creation of employment (Lewis). The significance of Pyramid in Ancient Egypt Egypt is well known for pyramids, these pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. These pyramids were built in different shapes and sizes and they were about eight in number. One of them was built for Pharaoh Khufu and it was known as the great pyramid. Some of these pyramids are among the most magnificent man-made structures in history. These pyramids have a tremendous significant such as economic prosperity and stability. The pyramids had significant uses as far as the well-being of the king was concerned. The reason is, they were used to keep the king’s majesty intact even after his death. Egyptians did this activity because they believed that when the king died his spirit remained with his body thus, they were taking care of his spirit (Bà ¡rta). In conclusion, there are many farm tools and they are used for different purposes. These tools include plough which is used in cultivating the land. The other tool is a mower also known as a lawn mower which is used to cut grass. The other tool is broadcast seeder which is used to plant seed by broadcasting. It can also be used for fertilizer breading. The next tool is the seed drill which is used to plant seeds evenly and in the same depth. The other tool is Centre irrigation which is used to irrigate crops in dry areas and when there is an insufficient amount of rainfall. The other aspect is the causes and effects of agriculture in Egypt and it was caused by drought, therefore, using water from the river Nile for irrigation. Work cited Bà ¡rta, Miroslav. â€Å"Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt.† Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 15, Sept. 2005, pp. 177–91. Research Gate, doi: 10.1017/S0959774305000090. Kataoka, Takashi. Agricultural Machinery Technology. Sept. 2018. Lewis, Lowell N. EGYPT’S FUTURE DEPENDS ON. p. 360. How to cite Farm Tools, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic free essay sample

The Veterans Administration (VA) should constantly be monitoring the current healthcare environment for trends and new treatment methods for post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). By monitoring the current trends treatment the VA is able to modify, change or continue the current treatment methods being used on past and current veterans. These trends allow the organization to scan for external environmental data to assist in treatment plans and recovery methods for veterans. This monitoring would confirm or disprove the possibility of various trend directions. These trends could be placed in various categories of economic, social/demographic and technological (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Current outpatient treatment of PTSD by the VA has to be modified to treat a younger population of soldier and the VA has to monitor current trends in healthcare used by the private sector. The treatment methods have to be adjusted to not only treat PTSD but injuries as a result of combat. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dual-use by a more technologically educated group of veterans makes monitoring by the VA a must in treatment. Also patients are choosing to use the VA for care due to the costs associated with receiving care from a private provider (Simpson, 2006). This would prevent VA patients from seeking emergency room care therefore adding to the ever increasing healthcare costs. Another area that requires an environmental analysis is providing care to the many diverse groups of veterans. The military is becoming one of the most diverse employers and the VA must explore various ways of getting more of these groups to seek care through the VA. Within the VA’s strategic vision and mission it addresses providing care to all veterans while demonstrating the value of VA care to the nation. (Fine, Demakis, 2003). An environmental analysis could provide useful data on trends in economic changes which address costs, demographic changes as well as competitive changes in healthcare. Although the Affordable Care Act does not affect veteran care, the stewardship of the VA healthcare system should be monitored for costs. The risks of not monitoring costs of care are budget cuts, poor technology and management of the veteran healthcare system. Although the budget is funded by the government, financial cuts do occur depending on the political party in office. These stakeholders want to see that there is a valid return on investment in the veteran healthcare system while providing quality care (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Rural healthcare requires an analysis of environment to determine the factors that affect healthcare delivery to veterans. This analysis could address what types of changes would affect healthcare in rural areas in the future. One factor affecting care in rural areas is the recruitment of providers. What safety net would the agency have in place to address providing care to veterans in those rural areas? Nurse practitioners could be an option as well as offering residents better tuition assistance as many have acquired large amounts of educational debt (Simpson, 2006). Community based outpatient clinics provide a method of mitigating expenses that may be incurred by providing care in rural areas. An environmental analysis would provide some insight as to how the agency may provide care to veterans in those areas. This analysis may provide a look into resource allocation needs, what metrics are needed to measure effectiveness of the programs and how will quality be measured. The community based outpatient clinics would provide needed access to veteran who may be located in areas without a VA hospital (Liu, et al. , 2010). Conclusion Environmental analyses are vital to the strategic planning of the VA. Accessing the trends, forecasts, monitoring and scanning the environment will only mitigate risks and prepare the organization for changes in the future. Although the VA has a niche market the organization must address trends in healthcare insurance as this will affect veterans who can afford to make a choice of where they receive care. By analyzing this area the VA can maximize an opportunity to capture those veterans who are financially able to choose another healthcare provider. This may be done by offering those veterans a better option of quality healthcare in an environment they are familiar. References Fine, M. J. , Demakis, J. G. (2003). The veterans health administrations promotion of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1622-4. Liu, C. , Chapko, M. , Bryson, C. , Burgess, J. , Fortney, J. , Perkins, M. , Maciejewski, M. (2010). Use of outpatient care in Veterans Health Administration and Medicare among veterans receiving primary care in community-based and hospital outpatient clinics. Health Services Research, 45(5 Pt 1), 1268-1286. Swayne, L. E. , Duncan, W. J. , Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Simpson, S. A. (2006). Safety net lessons from the veterans health administration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 956-956.